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MCAT biochem > nonaerobic carbohydrate metabolism > Flashcards

nonaerobic carbohydrate metabolism Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

main precursor of ATP

A

glucose (can also be FA and proteins)

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2
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

phosphate is taken from one molecule and applied to adp to form ATP

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3
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

energy obtained from proton graident as oxygen is reduced to power ATP synthesis

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4
Q

where does the power to activate atp synthesis come from

A

NADH and FADH2`\

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5
Q

ways that glucose can enter blood stream

A
  1. abosrption from small intestine
  2. liver and kidney cells perform glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
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6
Q

glucose receptors

A

allow glucose to be taken into cells from blood

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7
Q

GLUT 1

A

baseline glucose intake

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8
Q

GLUT 1

A

baseline glucose intake

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9
Q

glut 2

A

liver, pancreatic beta cells, kidney cells
- bilateral transporter necessary for gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

glut 3 transporter

A

neurons and placenta
- high affinity transporter

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11
Q

GLUT 4

A

cardiac and skeletal muscle and adipose
- regulated by insulin
- exoressed when bgl is high to bring it back down

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12
Q

insulin resistnace

A

high blood glucose levels can lead to insulin spikes often and cells become desensitized to glucose and wont secrete glut 4

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13
Q

what does insulin activate

A

uptake of glucose into cells from the blood to decrease BGL

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14
Q

what does glucagon activate

A

release of glucose into blood from cells to increase BGL

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15
Q

besides glucagon, what else can increase BGL

A

epinephrine, cortisol, norepinephrine

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16
Q

glycolysis occurs

A

in cytoplasm of all cells (prokaryotes and eukaryotes)

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17
Q

net equation of glucolysis

A

1 glucose + 2 atp –> 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

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18
Q

pyruvate

A

3 carbon alpha keto acid product of glycolysis

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19
Q

is breakdown of atp to adp exergonic or endergonic

A

highly exergonic , favorable reaction that is often coupled to others

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20
Q

step 1 of glycolysis

A

glucose to glucose 6 p via hexokinase
- requires 1 atp

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21
Q

function of g6p

A

traps glucose in the cell

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22
Q

step 2 of glycolysis

A

glucose 6p –> f6p via glucose 6 p isomerase

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23
Q

step 3 of glycolysis

A

commited step of glycolysis
f6p –> 1,6 fructobisphosphate via PFK-1
- require 1 atp

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24
Q

step 4 of glycolysis

A

F1,6BP –> glyceraldehyde 3 p and DHAP
- fructose bisphosphate aldolase

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25
Q

step 5 of glycolysis

A

DHAP –> glyceraldehyde 3 p via triosephosphate isomerase

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26
Q

step 6

A

pay off phase
- Glyceraldehyde 3 p –> glyceraldehyde 1,3 bisphosphate via glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase

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27
Q

step 7 of glycolysis

A

1,3 BPG –> 3 phosphoglycerate
- 1 atp made
- enzyme: phosphoglycerate kinase

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28
Q

step 8 of glycolysis

A

3 PG –> 2 phosphoglycerate
- phosphoglycerate mutase

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29
Q

step 9 of glycolysis

A

2PG –> PEP via enolase

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30
Q

step 10

A
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31
Q

how is NAD+ regenerated in anerobic organisms

A

fermentation

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32
Q

ethanol fermentation

A
  1. pyruvate is converted acetaldehyde (-co2) via pyruvate decarboxylase
  2. alcohol dehydrogenase converts acetaldehyde to ethanol and regenerates nad+
33
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate converted to lactate via lactate dehydrogenase and nad+ remade
- muscle

34
Q

where does gluconeogenesis occur

A

kidney (adrenal cortex) and liver

35
Q

starting material of gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate

36
Q

possible precursors for gluconeogenesis

A

amino acids, pyruvate, fatty acids

37
Q

function of pyruvate carboxylase

A

convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate during first step of gluconeogenesis , oxaloacetate is converted into malate for transport out of the cell and then changed back

38
Q

function of PEP carboxykinase

A

converts oxaloacetate into PEP during the second step of gluconeogenesis

39
Q

function of F16BP

A

catalyzes conversion of F16 bp into F6p
- removes phosphate

40
Q

glucose 6 phosphatase function in gluconeogeneiss

A

G6p –> glucose

41
Q

primary stores of glycogen

A

liver and muscle

42
Q

glycogenin

A

core protein that serves as base for glycogen synthesis

43
Q

linear linkages of glycogen

A

alpha 1-4

44
Q

branched linkages of glycogen

A

alpha 1-6

45
Q

what is the starting point for glycogenesis

A

Glucose 6 p (same as glycolysis)

46
Q

phosphoglucomutase

A

converts G6p to G1P for glycogenesis

47
Q

what is G1P converted into for glycogenesis

A

UDP glucose

48
Q

UDP glucose

A

nucleotide sugar that donates glucose to growing glycogen strand via glycogen synthase

49
Q

what bond does glycogen synthase create

A

alpha 1-4 bonds

50
Q

glycogen branching enzyme

A

creates alpha 1-6 bonds on growing glycogen molecule

51
Q

function of glycogenin

A

primer that helps catalyze the first 8 glucose molecules of a glycogen chain, then glycogen synthase takes over

52
Q

what enzyme catalyzes glycogenolysis

A

glycogen phosphorylase
- breaks up alpha 1-4 bonds

53
Q

result of phosphorolysis in glycogenolysis via glycogen phosphorylase

A

G1P molecules

54
Q

glycogen debranching enzyme

A

removes alpha 1-6 bonds from glycogen

55
Q

PPP

A

shunt G6P away from glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and use it for amino acid synthesis and NADPH

56
Q

major products of PPP

A

NADPH and ribose 5 phosphate

57
Q

major functions of NADPH

A

important reducing agent used in lipogenesis and nucleic acid formation

58
Q

major functions of ribose 5 P

A

used in nucleic acid synthesis

59
Q

two main stages of PPP

A

oxidative and nonoxidative

60
Q

oxidative phase of PPP

A

g6p is converted into 6 phosphogluconolactone via glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogease to produce 1 NADPH and is RATE limiting step of ppp

61
Q

important function of oxidative phase of ppp

A

main products of ppp are generated in oxidative phase (ribose 5 p and NADPH)
and a carbon is lost

62
Q

nonoxidative phase of ppp

A

allows cells that do not need ribose 5 p to process and feed back into glycolysis
- sugar is rearranged back into F6P and then G6P

63
Q

is glycolysis upregulated when atp levels are low or high

A

low

64
Q

what inhibits glycolysis

A

high levels of atp and nadh , also high levels of citrate

65
Q

buildup of acetyl coA and pryuvate cause what process to begin

A

gluconeogenesis

66
Q

regulatory points of glycolysis

A
  1. hexokinase
  2. PFK-1
  3. pryuvate kinase
67
Q

what downregulates PFK-1

A

increased ATP levels and citrate

68
Q

what inhibits PK

A

increased ATP and acetyl coA

69
Q

regulation of Pryuvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase

A

induced by excess acetyl coA

70
Q

what inhibits Fructose 1-6 bisphosphotase

A

increased AMP levels

71
Q

what compound allosterically regulates both PFK-1 and F16 bispohosphatese

A

fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

72
Q

high levels of f26bp induce which enzyme

A

PFK-1

73
Q

what does PFK2 produce

A

fructose 26 bisphosphate

74
Q

effect of glucagon on pfk2

A

inhibits pfk2 and promotes f16 bisphosphotase

75
Q

effect of insulin on pfk2

A

stimulates pfk2 and promotes pfk1/ glycolysis

76
Q

which hormone regulates glycogen phosphorylase in muscke

A

epinephrine
- release g1p for glycolysis

77
Q

which hormones regulate glycogen phosphorylase in liver

A

glucoagon

78
Q

calcium effect on glycogen phosphorylase in muscle

A

upregulates glycogen phosphorylase along with amp

79
Q

insulin effect on glycogen synthase

A

upregulates

MCAT biochem (11 decks)

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