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MCAT biochem > aerobic carbohydrate metabolism > Flashcards

aerobic carbohydrate metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

citric acid cycle/krebs cycle/ TCA cycle

A

produces energy (GTP)
2 nadh 1 fadh2 –> feed into etc
occurs in mitochondrial matrix

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2
Q

where does citric acid cycle occur in aerobic prokaryotes

A

cytosol

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3
Q

what must pyruvate be converted into before entering TCA cycle

A

acetyl coA

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4
Q

acetyl coA structure

A

2 carbon acetyl group attatched to a sulfur atom (coA)

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5
Q

what enzyme complex converts pyruvate to acetyl coA and what are the extra products

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (mitochondria)
- produces 1 nadh and 1 co2

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6
Q

PDC structure

A

3 distinct enzymes
1. pyruvate dehydrogenase
2. dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
3. dihyrolipoyl dehydrogenase
5 coenzymes: FAD, NAD, CoA, Lipoate, TPP

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6
Q

PDC structure

A

3 distinct enzymes
1. pyruvate dehydrogenase
2. dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
3. dihyrolipoyl dehydrogenase
5 coenzymes: FAD, NAD, CoA, Lipoate, TPP

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6
Q

PDC structure

A

3 distinct enzymes
1. pyruvate dehydrogenase
2. dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
3. dihyrolipoyl dehydrogenase
5 coenzymes: FAD, NAD, CoA, Lipoate, TPP

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7
Q

what coenzymes of the pdc are derived from vitamin B

A

nad, fad, coA, thiamine

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8
Q

end point of beta oxidation

A

acetyl CoA

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9
Q

each turn of the TCA cycle generates what

A

1 gtp
3 nadh
1 fadh2
2 co2

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10
Q

step one of TCA cycle

A

acetyl coA + oxaloacetate –> citrate
enzyme: citrate synthase

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11
Q

step two of TCA cycle

A

citrate –> isocitrate
enzyme: aconitase

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12
Q

step 3 of TCA cycle

A

isocitrate –> alpha ketogluterate
- lose a co2 and produce an nadh
- rate limiting step
- enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase

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13
Q

step 4 of TCA cycle

A

alpha ketogluterate –> succinyl coA
- lose a co2 and make 1 nadh
alphaketogluterate dehydrogenase

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14
Q

step 5 of TCA cycle

A

succinyl coA –> succinate
- lose coA and produce 1 GTP
enzyme: succinyl coA dehydrogenase

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15
Q

step 6 of TCA cycle

A

succinate –> fumerate
- succinate dehydrogenase
- produce FADH2

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16
Q

step 7 of TCA cycle

A

fumerate –> malate
- fumerase enzyme

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17
Q

step 8 of TCA cycle

A

malate –> oxaloacetate
malate dehydrogenase
- NADH

18
Q

where is the electron transport chain

A

inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes , cell membrane of prokaryotes

19
Q

transfer of e- in ETC

A

from electron carriers through chain, to oxygen

20
Q

final electron accepter

A

o2 is reduced to water

21
Q

where are protons pumped

A

into the inner membrane space

22
Q

proton gradient

A

store electrochemcial energy, flow of H+ back into matrix is used to power the ATP synthase (makes atp from adp and p)

23
Q

complexes of inner membrane

A

I, II, III, IV
- Q/ubiquinone
- cytochrome C

24
Q

how are electrons transferred between complexes

A

from lower reduction potentials to higher reduction potentials

25
Q

which portion of the ETC has the highest redox potential

A

o2

26
Q

complex 1

A

NADH dehydrogenase
-accepts electrons from nadh and passes them to complex 3 via ubiquinone

27
Q

how many H+ are released into IMS from complex 1

A

4

28
Q

complex 2

A

succinate dehydrogease (same as TCA)
- accepts e- from FADH2 and passes them onto complex 3 via Q

29
Q

complex 3

A

e- get passed from q to cytocrhome c (carries 1 e-) and pumps 4 h+ into ims

30
Q

complex 4

A

e- transport ends , cytochrom c transfers e- to o2

31
Q

oxidized form of e- carrier Q

A

ubiquinone

32
Q

reduced form of e- carrier Q

A

ubiquinol
- can carry 2 e-

33
Q

cytochrome c

A

heme protein (fe) used to shuttle e-
- can only carry 1 e-

34
Q

what powers atp synthase

A

proton gradient

35
Q

how many atp per nadh

A

2.5

36
Q

how many atp per fadh

A

1.5

37
Q

total etc atp

A

about 30

38
Q

what happens to tca and etc when there is a high AMP/atp ratio

A

upregulate both

39
Q

PDC is upregulated by what

A

AMP, coA, NAD+

40
Q

PDC is downregulated by what

A

ATP and NADH , and acetyl coA , and high levels of fatty acids

41
Q

citrate syntehsis is upregulated by

A

adp

42
Q

citrate synthase is downregulated by

A

atp and nadh , citrate, and succinyl coA

43
Q

isocitrate dehydrogease is downregulated by

A

atp

44
Q

alphaketoglucterate dehydrogenase is downregulated by

A

succinyl coA and NADH

45
Q

cyanide

A

interfere with cytochrome c oxidase and prevent reduction of oxygen to water

MCAT biochem (11 decks)

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