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Social Studies > November 2021 > Flashcards

November 2021 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the political structure of Arabia in the time leading up to Muhammad and what resource was the basis for power?

A

Tribal structure, based on clans and water rights (wells)

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2
Q

Why was there a mix of cultures and ideas in Arabia?

A

Because of their trade routs that linked the Byzantine Empire to India and Persia

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3
Q

What was important about Mecca? What was predominant religion?

A

Muhammad’s tribal home, religious center and home of the Ka’bah (Abraham’s black stone). Paganism (polytheistic) was the predominant religion.

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4
Q

What was Muhammad’s childhood and upbringing like?

A

He was orphaned by age of 6, then was raised in the Bedouin way of life by his uncle

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5
Q

What business did Muhammad go into and whom did he marry?

A

trade; he married his boss

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6
Q

What was his repuation?

A

Peacemaker, negotiator, and “loaner”`

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7
Q

What message did the angel, Gabriel, give to Muhammad?

A

there is no god but God (aka Allah)

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8
Q

What does prophet mean and according to Islam, who was the last Prophet?

A

Means messenger, Muhammad was the Last Prophet.

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9
Q

What does Islam mean? Before Muhammad, to whom was it revealed?

A

“Submission to God”; revealed to the prophets of Christianity and Judaism

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10
Q

How did Muhammad see Muslims in relationships to Christians and Jews?

A

They were all “People of the Book”, but Islam was the final revelation

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11
Q

What are the Five Pillars of Faith? (names and descriptions)

A

Shahadah: profession of faith (know word)
Salat: ritual prayer that occurs 5 times a day towards Mecca
Zakah: charity
Sawm: fasting during Ramadan
Hajj: the pilgrimage to Mecca

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12
Q

What made Islam attractive to the people of Arabia?

A

It promised equality between people, rewards in death, and a righteous way of life

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13
Q

How were the people “won over” to Islam?

A

First by the message, then overcoming military odds, then “by the sword” (conquest)

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14
Q

What year begins the Muslim calendar? What event started it off?

A

CE 622, “The hijrah” journey to Medina (hijrah NOT capitallized)

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15
Q

What was important about the Ka’aba and what did Muhammad change about it?

A

It was a sacred place believed to have been founded by Abraham. Home of the “black stone” and relics and idols of 300+ gods. Muhammad smashed them all and rededicated the site to Allah.

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16
Q

What common people faced the new religion when Muhammad dies?

A

The problem of succession; should the next leader be political or spiritual?

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17
Q

What does caliph mean?

A

Successor

18
Q

What does the Arabic word for conquest mean?

A

openings

19
Q

How come the spread of Islam was so fast and so successful?

A

They faced weak opponents, were swept up in jihad (war against oppression), and had religious tolerance

20
Q

Who were the Sunnis and which leader did they follow?

A

Sect believed in the legitimacy of the first four caliphs, elected based on talent. (80% of Muslims today) Mu’Awiya, governor of Syria

21
Q

Who were the Shi’a and which leader did they follow?

A

Minority sect that believed leadership should stay within Muhammad’s family, led by Ali, cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad

22
Q

Which side spilled blood first? (Sunnis or Shi’a)

A

The Sunnis when Uthman was murdered in a mosque by Egyptian rebels

23
Q

What is the way-cool advantage of conquest in the way of short-term gains?

A

it gets u rich quick

24
Q

What is the long-range disadvantage and how do governments make up for it?

A

You get used to riches then need to keep it up by taxing more.

25
Q

What was the “problem” with the Umayyad tax system?

A

It favored Muslim Arabs by charging converts more and the non-converted (conquered) even more

26
Q

How long did the Umayyads rule and what was their capital city?

A

90 years, Damascus

27
Q

Where did the Umayyads continue their rule?

A

Al-Andaus (Spain)

28
Q

How long did the Abbasids rule and what was their capitol city?

A

500 years, Baghdad

29
Q

Once the Abbasids were in control, what did the powerful caliphs do that Muhammad might have objected?

A

Lived lavishly and promoted their own family members

30
Q

How far north did Islam spread and who prevented it from spreading further north

A

Into Europe: Al-Andaus (Spain) & Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours

31
Q

What are the main features of a mosque and how is it oriented?

A

Minarets (towers), mihrab (niche), minbar (pulpit), prayer hall, and Quibla (direction of Mecca)

32
Q

The Qur’an only exists in what language?

A

Arabic; all others are just “translations”

33
Q

Unlike the Christian West, what was not considered a threat to Islam?

A

Science and questioning things

34
Q

What innovation that came from China exploded the spread of knowlodge in the Muslim world?

A

PaPeR!!!

35
Q

What European movement had its roots in the scholarly world of Baghdad and where did the knowledge come from?

A

The Renaissance, from classical (Greek/Roman) learning

36
Q

What standard did the Islamic world give to scientific study?

A

the scientific process

37
Q

What is Islamic law called and what is it based on?

A

the Shari’ah

38
Q

How were Christians and Jews treated in Muslim Spain and elsewhere in the Islamic World?

A

Pretty well. They prospered living side by side and their scholarship was welcomed as “People of the Book”

39
Q

What advantage did merchants have under Umayyads and Abbasids?

A

high status and freedom to trade without borders

40
Q

What does jihad refer to?

A

a spiritual struggle, sometime physical, sometimes mental

41
Q

What two artistic forms are special to Islamic cultures?

A

Arabesque designs and Arabic calligraphy

Social Studies (11 decks)

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