May 2022 Flashcards
What does the Renaissance mean and where did it start?
“Rebirth” in French. It started in Italy.
How does the change in art reflect the change in society?
It focuses on humans and their perspectives instead of the Church’s (God’s)
What was the new focus in art called and on what was it based?
Humanism. Classical, Greek, and Roman pre-Christian learning, science, and reason
What role did Florence play in the Italian Renaissance?
The city’s wealth and freedoms attracted talented, creative people
What family sponsored the Florentine humanism?
The Medici. Their wealth came from banking and the woolen textile industry.
What is secularism?
Things not having to do with religion.
Who developed linear perspective in art?
Filipino Brunelleschi, builder of the Duomo, painter of the baptistry
What was unique about Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy?
It had human themes and was written in Italian, the vernacular.
For what works in Michelangelo best known?
Painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and sculptures like his David and Pieta.
For what work is Niccolò Machiavelli best known?
His book, the Prince, which shows what it really takes to be successfully politically
Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered the perfect Renaissance person?
He was interested in all kinds of things and showed genius in multiple areas.
For what work is Miguel de Cervantes best known?
His book, Don Quixote, about a man whose quest is to rid the world of evil
For what is William Shakespeare best known?
His sonnets (poems) and 37 plays, establishing a standard for written English
For what is Isabella | of Spain known?
Devout Catholic monarch, conquered Granada (last Muslim kingdom), sponsored Colombus
What was the Papal (aka Western) Schism?
Period where there was a pope in Avignon, France, as well as Rome
What Church practices sparked the Reformation?
Selling of indulgences, practice of simony, corruption and clergy not living up to their vows.
What would buying an indulgence supposedly get you?
Pardon of your past or future sins and spare you from doing penance
What invention made the Reformation possible?
Johann Gutenburg’s Printing Press
What dangerous suggestion did Dutch Humanist, Desiderius Erasmus, make?
People should read the Bible for themselves
What did Martin Luther do that started the Reformation?
Nailed up a list of 95 Theses to a Church in Wittenberg, Germany
How did Luther expect his protest to be handled?
As an academic discussion with Church officials and scholars
What were the people who broke from the Church called and what was their movement called?
Protestants; Reformation
What promoted Henry VIII of England to break with Rome?
The desire to get a divorce from Cathrine of Aragon, plus a chance to grab Church property
How did John Calvin interpret the Bible concerning salvation?
It was predetermined (predestined) and could not be earned through good deeds
What beliefs did Protestant sects have in common?
Belief in faith over good deeds and reading the Bible
What do we call the movement of the Church eventually launched against the Protestants?
The Counter-Reformation
What was the Counter-Reformation’s strategy?
Address the 95 complaints (clean up its act) through the Council of Trent and establish new religious orders like the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
What court helped enforce the Church’s laws?
The Inquisition. Originally set up to root out infidels and they ended up seeking out heretics
What 17th century war established (sort of) religious peace?
The Thirty Years’ War
What was The Thirty Years’ War outcome?
National boundaries were set based on denominations but mostly rulers let people practice what they wanted to
What worldwide legacy of the Thirty Years’ War lead to?
It set up religious divisions around the world based on Europe colonization
For what is Elizabeth | known?
2nd daughter of VIII - ruling England well and religious daughter
What European legacy did The Thirty Years’ War lead to?
A sense of nationalism and a return to the “divine right of Kings”
