May 2022 Pt.2

Question 1

What movement made way for the Scientific Revolution?

Answer 1

The Renaissance.

Its focus on humanism - valuing this life, and on the revival of Classical learning

Question 2

Who was Aristotle?

Answer 2

Ancient Greek authority on physics and nature (who got a lot wrong)

Question 3

What problem was the Polish priest Copernicus trying to solve?

Answer 3

How to make an accurate calendar which could predict Easter

Question 4

How did Copernicus solve the Easter problem?

Answer 4

Put the sun in the center of the universe and the Earth in orbit spinning on its axis

Question 5

Describe the differences between the celestial systems:

Answer 5

Aristotle: Geocentric spherical orbits (Earth, moon, sun, planets, stars)
Copernicus: Heliocentric spherical orbits (Sun, planets -including Earth, stars)
Kepler: Same as Copernicus but in elliptical orbits

Question 6

What did Galileo “play with” that got him into trouble?

Answer 6

Balls: proved different weights fall at the same rate
Telescopes: observed things in the heavens that contradicted Aristotle’s theories

Question 7

Who was Tycho Brahe and what was he missing?

Answer 7

Astronomer/collector of celestial data / his nose

Question 8

What problem did Isaac Newton solve?

Answer 8

Defined the unifying force (gravity) that explains how apples fall & planets stay in orbit

Question 9

What did René Descartes add to scientific discovery?

Answer 9

Idea that universal mathematical laws define actions and logic can be used to test everything

Question 10

How did Vesalius disprove ancient medical concepts?

Answer 10

Cut up bodies / developed science of physiology

Question 11

What inventions helped scientific experimentation and observation?

Answer 11

Microscope, telescope, barometer, and thermometer

Question 12

What “wow” spice sparked the Age of Exploration?

Answer 12

Pepper - made rotting meat taste okay

Question 13

Which nation started the Age of Exploration?

Answer 13

Portugal, wanted a direct route to the Indies to bypass Venetian and Arab traders

Question 14

What technologies made voyages of exploration possible and gave them an edge against
natives?

Answer 14

The caravel, improved charts, compass and astrolabe. / cannons

Question 15

What information does an astrolabe give you?

Answer 15

Your latitude

Question 16

What voyages did Prince Henry of Portugal sponsor?

Answer 16

Trips down the west coast of Africa for money and money

Question 17

Who finally made it past the southern tip of Africa, naming the cape what?

Answer 17

Bartolomeu Dias, named it “Good Hope”

Question 18

How did Pedro Cabral impact knowledge of the globe?

Answer 18

By sailing so far west for favorable winds he “bumped” into South America

Question 19

What was Vasco da Gama’s achievement?

Answer 19

The first explorer to reach India, set up the standard for bad relations, and make huge profits

Question 20

Who believed you could go east by going west, and who sponsored his voyage?

Answer 20

Christopher Columbus / Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

Question 21

How did the New World come to be called America?

Answer 21

For Amerigo Vespucci who mapped the coast of South America

Question 22

What was Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage?

Answer 22

Attempt to circumnavigate the globe - faced mutiny, named the Pacific Ocean, was killed in the Philippines.

Question 23

What did Europeans offer to native peoples to justify their conquests?

Answer 23

Christian Salvation

Question 24

What prompted the importation of enslaved Africans to the Americas?

Answer 24

The need to replace captured natives once they died from overwork, starvation, and disease

Question 25

Who conquered the Aztecs and who helped him do it?

Answer 25

Hernan Cortés - native enemies of the Aztecs

Question 26

How did Francisco Pizarro follow in Cortés’ footsteps?

Answer 26

Captured the leader of the Inca and hold him for ransom just as Moctezuma had been

Question 27

Despite its early advantage, what made Spain fall behind other nations as a European power?

Answer 27

Failure to invest wealth in industry, too many wars of religion, defeat of the Spanish Armada

Question 28

Despite voyages of discovery along the coast of North America, what did the English, French and Dutch never find?

Answer 28

A northern sea route to Asia

Question 29

What alternative became the English, French and Dutch’s source of their wealth?

Answer 29

Colonization, the origins of capitalism, industry and mercantilism

Question 30

What were the major causes of explorers never returning home?

Answer 30

Ships wrecked or lost at sea
Disease - scurvy, dysentery, starvation, or fevers
Nasty natives
Being offed by one’s own men

Question 31

What is the Columbian Exchange?

Answer 31

The mixing of plant and animal species between the Old World and the New World

Question 32

What gave Europeans the advantage which allowed them to “take over the world?”

Answer 32

Guns, germs and steel

Question 33

What movement came out of the Scientific Revolution’s focus on rationalism to solve problems?

Answer 33

The Enlightenment - attempt to solve all aspects of human society through logic