Notes Developmental Psychology Flashcards
Name One Major Theme in Developmental Psychology
- Nature vs Nurture
Explain the two ways a person can develop (part of Nature v Nurture)
- Development as Maturation- bio and orderly sequence
2. Development as Function of Experience/Learning
How are the environment and genetics related?
- Independent: eye color/ hair color
- Interactive: anxiety (predisposition)
- Correlated: gene puts u in situation where u develop a problem
Name a second Major Theme of Development
Role/Importance of Early Experience
What is the period in the lives of humans called where they are most susceptible to development than others?
Sensitive period (Critical period in animals)
Name a Third Major Theme of Development
Development as a Process
What are the two types of processes a person can develop through?
- Continuous-quantitative: ongoing, gradual, uninterrupted
2. Discrete-quantitative and qualitative: step-like change
Which of the two processes of development is true?
Both- Dual nature of development
- Certain Parts if One’s Life have different development
What are Questions of Interest regarding Development?
- Cross-Sectional Studies: Follow different groups of people at one point in time.
- Longitudinal Studies: Follow one group of people along a time span.
- Sequential Studies: Follow different groups of people along a span of time.
What percentage of our brain do we have in infancy?
23%
What percentage of our brain do we have at 2 years?
75%
At birth, babies have good _____ , but not so good ______.
hearing; eyesight
Define Inter-modal Understanding. At what age is there temporal order of events?
- Understanding how and when infants learn to combine sensory perceptions and cognitions.
- 4-5 months
How do we study Infant Cognitive Development?
Look at the Process of Habituation, where infants are always drawn to new stimuli (forget older).
What two things do infants never habituate to?
Faces and emotional attachment.
What are maturational changes?
Changes is brain structure that influence behavior.
How long does it take to fully mature?
28 years
What are the 3 main categories in Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
Infancy –> Adaptive Function –> Adulthood
What does the infancy stage consist of according to Piaget?
Concrete, here and now world conception
What does the adulthood stage consist of according to Piaget?
Symbolic, abstract world conception.
Define Adaptive function
Making sense of ideas and experience
Name Piaget’s 4 Stages of Development:
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Pre-Operational Stage:
- Concrete-Operational Stage
- Formal Operational
What are two types of interactions humans have that allow them to develop their adaptive function?
- Assimilation- fit external stimuli to internal schemas.
2. Accommodation- change internal schema to fit external stimuli.
What is the process of equilibration?
A sort of reset, where assimilation and accommodation break down to allow you to continue to cognitively develop.
(3) Explain the Sensorimotor Stage (0-2):
- Ego-centric period- focus only on our needs/desires
- No sense of time/object permanence
- Dominated by movement and sensation
(4) Explain the Pre-Operational Stage (2-7):
- Develop operations
- Disorganized view of the world with no understanding, just concepts (centration).
Explain the Concrete-Operational Stage (7-11):
Ability: Begin to understand essential attributes of reality
Limitations: Only get relations between concrete events, don’t get abstract ones
Explain the Formal-Operational Stage (11 and up):
Ability: Fully understand relationships between concrete events and entirely abstract ones, and differentiate between them
Contributions of Piaget. How do we view development according to him?
- Redefined/set the stage for how we view development
- Maturation (Inside-out approach)- what u see and understand depends on internal development of biological substrate
Limitations of Piaget (2)
- Underestimated youth’s capacity for development
- Cognitive development isn’t as stage-like (discrete) as he thought, there is continuous process (dual)
3 Biological Theories for Social Development and theorists
- Instinct Drive Theory- Freud
- Ethological/Evolutionary- John Bowlby
- Psychosocial Development- Erickson
Explain Instinct Drive Theory- Freud. Age range of development?
- Eros and Thanatos
- Sexual-Aggressive Drive= conflict with communal standards -> adapt -> socialized
- 0-6 years old
Explain Ethological/Evolutionary Theory (2). What did John Bowlby claim?
- Evolutionary basis- Darwinian
- Drive/needs seen as purely for survival
- Bowlby- talked about attachment (emotional bond w/ caregiver) and fear (instinctively seek someone when afraid)
Explain Psychosocial Development- Erickson
- Social Drives/Needs are BIOLOGICALLY (not sexually) based
- There are 8 stages of development in which any crisis must be resolved
Name Erickson’s 8 Stages
0-1: trust vs. mistrust 1-3: autonomy vs. shame/doubt 3-5: initiative vs. guilt 5-12: competence/industry vs. inferiority Adolescence: identity vs. role confusion Adult 1: intimacy vs. isolation Adult 2: generativity vs. stagnation Adult 3: integrity vs. despair
Cultural Theory Chart:
Child->Immediate environment -> Interrelations among environment-> Social Context->Cultural Context
What are 2 Theories of Development of Attachment
- Freud- There is Pre-disposition for basic need satisfaction that causes attachment (emotional bond)
- Bowlby- Attachment is biological (inherited), because it has survival value
Issue with Freud’s view of attachment. Who disproved Freud? How?
- He sees attachment as secondary
- Harlow- Isolated Rhesus Monkeys
- Showed that contact comfort is more important that need satisfaction
According to Bowlby, what 2 purposes does attachment serve?
- Positive- fun/pleasure
2. Avoid negative- contact helps to deal with fear
What patterns are seen in babies between 0-8 months regarding attachment?
0-6: Not much discomfort if held by stranger
6-8: Separation anxiety
How are Patterns of Attachment assessed?
Ainsworths’s Strange Situations
- Baby w/ mother
- See how he reacts when she leaves and when she returns
- Name and describe the 4 Patterns of Attachment:
- Why are they significant?
- Secure (60%): Distress -> Approach and calmed
No distress -> Approach and acknowledge - Avoidant (20%) : No distress -> Don’t approach/acknowledge
- Ambivalence (15%): Regular distress -> No approach/ Don’t want to be calmed
- Disorganized (5): No consistent response/pattern
- Predictive of traits that child will show in the next 5 years
Give examples of monkeys and humans experiencing lack of attachment. How are their responses similar?
- Rhesus Monkeys (Harlow)- isolated between 3-12 months = Difficulty socializing, susceptible to stress, bad parenting
- Humans raised in orphanage lacking sensory/social care = emotionless, apathetic, stunted cognitive development
- Both rocking in corner of room
Rehab from lack of attachment:
- Monkeys: Placed with normal “therapist” moneys- completely recovered
- Humans: Placed with women- higher IQ, higher social/occupational level
- Both: Trouble dealing with stress
Infancy/childhood experiences are a _____ ______for later social relationships
vital foundation
Social patterns acquired in youth are _______ for later ones.
prerequisites
Define socialization
Process by which children learn the thought and behavior patterns characteristic of their society.
What types of “influences” cause socialization? Name 3 types of cultural influences:
- Cultural
- Cross-cultural similarities
- Cross-cultural differences
- Within-culture variability
Name the Mechanisms of Socialization:
- Reinforcement Theory= Teach what’s acceptable and what’s not
- Social Learning Theory= Learning from other people
- Cognitive Development Theory= Use knowledge learned in a situation in another one.
Who are agents of socialization?
Parents
Name the 3 types of Parenting Studies:
- Autocratic: Enforce strict parent control, rule-breaking is punished, children cannot question rules.
- Permissive: Have few rules, no real punishments/consequences.
- Authoritative-reciprocal: Exercise power, but explain rules and set mature expectations, emphasizing verbal communication.
What do these 3 types of Parenting Styles produce?
- Autocratic: Produce withdrawn, angry, lack independence, and defiant.
- Permissive: Produce withdrawn, angry, lack independence, and defiant + immature & lack social resp.
- Authoritative-reciprocal: Produce socially competent, socially responsible, more independent.
Where can the effects of parenting styles be seen in children’s lives? Which style produces the best results?
In school, with grades and social ability. Authoritative-reciprocal.
Define Gender Development
Process by which children learn the thought and behavior patterns characteristic of their society.
Gender vs Sex
- Gender- psychological meaning attributed by a process caused sex typing
- Sex- clear cut biological basis for categorization
What is sex typing
Process by which we learn gender-appropriate behavior (expected for men and women)
Who imposed differential treatments?
- Parents and Children
How do parent impose differential treatment
Warmth vs Self-reliance
How do other kids impose differential treatment
Recognition of Gender Identity
- Boys (hierarchy, competition)
- Girls (subtle competition, collaboration)
What are the 4 parts of Self- Development:
- Culture- West- Individual/ East- Communal Sense
- Reflected Appraisal- See ourselves based on how we think others see us
- Others/Surroundings- Social Identity Theory (roles we play ) and (self -evaluation in comparison)
- Self-Perception- Attitude formation- inference our identity based on our behavior in situations
(MD) What is Moral Development also known as?
Development of Mind
(MD) One part of Mental Development is Perspective Taking. Define it. How is it shown?
Ability to understand other people’s viewpoints and perspectives. Physical and Emotional.
(MD) How do children shift in perspective as they grow up?
Egocentric-> Other-centric
(MD) Define Theory of Mind. Where is it expressed? Are they the same of different?
- Implicit set of beliefs about the existence of thoughts/feelings
- Expressed in oneself and in others
- These expressions might differ, shape the reality we construct
(MD) When is this Theory of Mind reflected? What is it’s precursor?
- Between 2 and 4
- Precursor is Joint Visual Perception- understand there are different perspectives from ours
(MD) What is internalization?
- Learned behaviors that become almost instinctual
(MD) ______ is the process by which kids learn thought and behavior patterns of society.
Socialization
(MD) What did Freud believe was the best way to internalize beliefs in kids?
- Punishment-based
(MD) Was Freud’s theory right? Why or why not?
No. Over justification is caused instead.
(MD) What is the best way to educate kids?
Principle of Minimum Sufficiency- just enough motivation to push in right direction, but not overwhelm.
(MD) According to Piaget, what are 3 ways children’s moral thinking changes?
- Realism to Relativism- rules: absolute -> man-made
- Prescriptions to Principles- rules: specific -> general
- Outcome to Intentions: outcome -> intention
(MD) Who developed the Moral Thought Stage Theory?
Lawrence Kohlberg (after Piaget)
(MD) What are the 3 levels of the Moral Thought Stage Theory?
- Pre-conventional (7-10)- Hedonic principle
- Conventional (10-16)- Internalize values
- Post-conventional (16+)- Morality based on abstract principles
(MD) How does gender affect moral reasoning?
Males: Matter of justice (THINKING)
Females: Matter of concrete social terms (FEELING)
(MD) How does culture affect moral reasoning?
It’s relative, depending on culture.
Psychopathology
Problematic thinking, feeling, or behavior that disrupts well-being and social/occupational function.
Must be persistent, harmful, and uncontrollable.
ID Mental Illnesses
Historically- Supernatural
Modern- Medical Model
What does the medical model say?
Psychopatholgy caused by physical factors
- Causes, symptoms, and treatments exist
Understanding Causality
-Based on Biopsychosocial Model- Biology, Environment, and Psychology
Understanding Causality gives rise to what 3 things?
- Diathesis-Stress Model: genetic predispositions
- Intervention-Causation Fallacy: medicine cures root of problem
- Stigmatization: labels affect perception
Important Terms for Understanding Mental Illnesses:
- Disorder: symptoms/signs
- Disease: underlying physical pathology
- Diagnosis: determination of presence of disorder/disease
Name what is used to Classify Mental Illnesses
DSM- V: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (Version 5)
What is the DSM- V
Guidelines to diagnose presence and severity of pathology
What info does DSM-V Provide?
- Symptomatology of disorder
- Distinguish from others
- Prognosis- progression and response to treatment
What is anxiety?
Psychological and physiological response to stress- symptoms and adaptability
When does anxiety become pathological?
PERSISTENT, EXCESSIVE, IRRATIONAL
(A): Name Categories of Anxiety Disorders and their Etiology:
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder- excessive, without cause // Etiology- Bio and Psychological
- Panic Attacks- sudden, random response that produces terror // Etiology: Bio- sensitive to sodium lactate; Psych- Arousal=Panic/Anxiety
(A): Name and define four types of anxiety disorders
- Specific phobias- PEI fear of animals, nature, situations, blood/injury
- Social phobias- PEI fear of observed, judged, embarrassed.
- OCD- PEI thoughts (OBSESSIONS) that cause ritualistic behaviors (COMPULSIONS)
- PTSD- PEI reliving past traumatic experiences. Negative emotional, arousal, and substance abuse effects.
(A): Etiology of Anxiety Disorders:
- Biopsychosocial
- Biological- Heriditability (Diathesis-Stress), Sodium Lactate (Panic), Dopamine (Phobias)
- Psychological- Coping, personality, interpretation of arousal and environment, cognition
- Social- Roles, life events, CHANGE
+ 80% panic attacks = situations
(A): Define Preparedness Theory:
Fear prepares to respond effectively.
What is mood?
(B): What are the types of Mood Disorders?
- Mood- long-lasting, non-specific emotional state -> Disorder= extreme; disrupt functioning
- Depressive Disorders I
- Depressive Disorders II
(B): Describe Depressive Disorders I
- Major Depression
+severe depression & anhedonia + symptoms
+Ongoing 12 weeks
+Treatment: 90% recover, 50% recurrence - Dysthymia- mild to moderate
+most of the day
+Lasts 2+ years - Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)- tied to circadian rhythms
(B): Describe Depressive Disorders II
- Bipolar I: major depression with mania
- Bipolar II: major depression by hypomania
- Cyclothymia: Dysthymia and hypomania
(B): Etiology of Depressive Disorders:
+ Depressive
- Bio: genes (80-90% have family history), chemicals (serotonin and norphenylephrine, structure (RIGHT PREFRONTAL CORTEX), circadian rhythms
- Psycho: Negative thoughts (internal and stable)
- Social: Life stressors, interactions, learned helplessness
+ Mood
- Bio- Highest heriditability
- Psycho- personality
- Social- neuroticism and conscientiousness
(C): What are personality disorders?
Consistent, inflexible, maladaptive ABC patterns; can’t control impulses.
(C): What are Personality Disorder clusters?
- Odd/Eccentric behavior
- Dramatic/emotional/aloof
- Anxious/fearful/inhibited
(C): Etiology of Personality Disorders
B: less active LOWER FRONTAL LOBE function
P: social learning
S: unstable households/neighborhoods
(D): What are dissociative disorders?
Severely fragmented cognitive process; split from ABC
(D): What are the Dissociative Disorders?
Etiology?
- Diss. Identity Disorder- 2+ identities; physiological, behavioral, and cognition differences
- Diss. Amnesia- Sudden loss of memory
- Diss. Fugue- Loss of all memory and departure from home life
- Trauma/pain causes people to remove from experience (2 id)
(E): What is schizophrenia?
“Splitting of the mind”- disrupts ABC
Impairs social, motor, behavior, cognition, perception
(E): Stats for schizophrenia
- Begins late teens-late 20s
- 10-20% fully recover
- More that 50% will relapse
(E): Diagnosis:
- Continuous for 6 months:
> Hallucinations- false perception
Delusions- false belief
- Positive symp:
> Disorganized speech
> Disorganized behavior - Neg symp:
> Flat affect
> Social withdrawal
(E): What does more negative symptoms mean?
Worse prognosis. Doesn’t respond well to meds.
(E) Etiology:
B: Genetic predisposition (twins/both parents= 50%), Dopamine, Ventricles
P: Unable to cope with stress/ Diathesis stress
S: Upbringing, urban areas 2x
Types of treatment for psychopathology:
Psychotherapy and medicaton
Types of psychotherapy:
Psychodynamic, Social-Cognitive, Humanist, Systems
Medical- Biological Perspective: Administration, Focus, Treatment
- Admin. by MDs
- Focus on: heriditability, bio structures, and chemicals
- Treatment types: Psychopharmacology, Electroconvulsive therapy, Psychosurgery
Psychopharmacology (3)
- Placebo effect
- Antipsychotics: tranquilizers, treat schizophrenia, used to reduce dopamine (now serotonin as well); side effect- tardive dyskenesia
- Antianxiety: benzodiazepines- facilitate GABA acid, highly effective, limitations- high tolerance and addictive
- Antidepressant
Name 3 types of Antidepressant/Mood Stabilizing
- MAO (monoamine oxiclase) inhibitors
- Lose sexual interest - Tricyclics- re-uptake reducers
- Serotonin/norphenylephrine - SSRI (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors)
- Lithium- Bipolar disorder
- Deal with mania; slow
Electroconvulsive Therapy
More effective for severe depression
Memory loss
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation- as effective; no memory loss
Psychosurgery
Reduce psychological symptoms
Trepany and Lobotomy are older methods
