13- Social Flashcards
Define Attitudes
Evaluation of any aspect in our world
Emotional Component of Attitude toward someone
Liking them
-Wanting to spend time with them and agreeing with them
Factors that predict what we like
Proximity, Familiarity, Similarity, Attractiveness, Reciprocity
Define Conformity and Give Examples
- Change in overt behavior caused by real/ imagined pressure from others
- Compliance,
- Obedience,
- Acceptance
(A.) Survival and reproduction require _____ resources. Otherwise, populations would _______ until they were.
scarce; increase
How to you get the resources needed to survive and reproduce?
Aggression and cooperation
What is aggression? Why is it done? How does this happen?
- Behavior that harms another
- Frustration-aggression hypothesis: aggression occurs when goals are frustrated
- Frustrated goals cause negative affect (feeling bad), which triggers aggression
What factors determine aggression?
Biological and cultural factors
What is cooperation? It is always the better option?
Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit.
- It isn’t always the better option, shown by the prisoner’s dilemma, the risk of being taken advantage of.
- How do you reduce risks that come from cooperation?
- ______ is an evaluation of another person based solely on their group membership
- Be part of a GROUP of people who have something in common that distinguishes them (in-group favoritism)
- Prejudice
Why do people in groups sometimes behave badly?
- Deindividuation- so immersed in group they become less concerned with personal values
- Diffusion of responsibility- Feel diminished responsibility for actions when others act the same way. Causes Social Loafing (expend less effort in group), Bystander Intervention (less likely to help someone)
Costs of being in a group (4)
- Don’t capitalize fully on members’ expertise (school board)
- Common knowledge effect- tendency to discuss information that all members share, rather than important info known by a few.
- Group polarization is the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone
- Groupthink is the tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony
(A.) Many behaviors that appear to be _____ (help others at own cost) have hidden ______ for the person who performs them, but there is no doubt that humans sometimes do exhibit _____ ______.
- Two types of altruism are:
- Altruistic; benefits; genuine altruism
- Kin altruism (evolutionary- selfishness in disguise) and Reciprocal altruism (in return)
(B.) Both biology and culture tend to make the costs of reproduction higher for _____ than for ______, which is one reason that ______ tend to be choosier when selecting potential mates
women; men; women
Factors that determine attraction (5):
Proximity,
Familiarity (mere-exposure effect),
Attractiveness (good genes)=(body shape, symmetry, age),
Similarity (easy to interact, validation, being liked),
Reciprocity
Human reproduction occurs in the context of a:
Long term relationship
People weigh the ____ and ____ of their relationships . This is known as the comparison level.
costs; benefits
Three reasons why people are least likely to end their relationships:
- They don’t believe they can do better
- Both parties have similar cost-benefit ratios (aka equity)
- Invested a lot of time in relationship
People can misinterpret ______ arousal as a sign of attraction
physiological
(B.) Why do people get married?
- Passionate love- pleasure and intimacy (brings together)
2. Compassionate love- affection, trust (keeps together)
(C.) Define social influence
Ability to change or direct another person’s behavior by considering what THEY want.
Three motives why people are susceptible to social influence:
- Hedonic motive- People are motivated to experience pleasure and to avoid experiencing pain.
- Approval motive- People are motivated to be accepted and to avoid being rejected.
- Accuracy motive- Third, people are motivated to believe what is right and to avoid believing what is wrong.
(AM) Approval motive: Define norms. What are two types of norms?
Standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture (approval motive part).
- Descriptive: what SHOULD be done
- Informational: what MUST be done
(AM) Norm of reciprocity. What is an example?
The ___-___-___ technique is an influence strategy that involves getting someone to ___ an initial request
Unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them (approval motive part)
- door-in-the-face; deny
Ex: large favor –> what you actually want
(AM) When does Normative influence occur?
When another person’s behavior provides information about what is appropriate
(AM) What is a type of Normative influence
Conformity- NEW norms
(ACM) Define Conformity
Change in overt behavior caused by real/imagined pressure from others
(ACM) What are three types of conformity
- Compliance- doing without internal agreement
- Obedience- do what powerful people tell us to do (use hedonic motive) -> rewards obedience, punishes disobedience
- Acceptance- socialized by environment to act and think in a certain way
(ACM) _______ and _____ are both parts of the Accuracy Motive.
attitudes (what to do); beliefs (how to do it)
(ACM) _______ influence occurs when another person’s behavior provides information about what is ______
Informational; true
- Laugh tracks, “best sellers”
(ACM) What is persuasion
Person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person
Name two types of persuasion
- Systematic persuasion- attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason
- Heuristic (shortcut) persuasion- attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion
In what ways can wanting consistency (with old beliefs) change minds by changing behavior?
- Foot in the door technique
What does inconsistency between attitudes and beliefs cause?
Cognitive dissonance, which is an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs
To alleviate cognitive ______, people often change one of these things in order to achieve consistency:
dissonance;
-attitudes, beliefs, actions
What 5 factors influence conformity?
- Social Roles- expecations
- Social norms- “rules”
- Status- lower = conform more
- Cohesiveness- attractiveness of group
- Unanimity- odd one out
What are 4 properties of stereotypes?
They can be inaccurate, overused, self-perpetuating, and automatic
Techniques to reduce stereotyping are:
- Contact with someone who doesn’t fit the stereotype, work together to reach goal
We tend to attribute those behaviors to the person’s ______ even when we should attribute them to the person’s _______.
dispositions; situation
