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Social Psychology > 8- Emotion And Motivation > Flashcards

8- Emotion And Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define emotion

A

Ubiquitous, immediate response to a stimulus. I subjective (+ or -), and causes physiological activity

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2
Q

What three factors make up emotion?

A
  1. Cognitive
  2. Physiological
  3. Phenomenological
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3
Q

What are three theories for how these factors interact? Are they right?

A
  1. James–Lange= Stimulus> Physiological>
    Phenonenological
  2. Cannon–Bard=
    Stimulus>
    Physiological and Phenonenological (separate, simultaneous)
  3. Schacter-Singer (Two-Factor)= Stimulus> Physiological> Cognitive Interpretation> Phenonenological
    - None are entirely right (3 is the best)
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4
Q

How are emotions produced?

A

Interaction of the cortex and amygdala.

Stimulus ->
amygdala (interprets) -> cortex (comprehensive analysis), may downgrade amygdala reaction

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5
Q

What do emotions provide?

A
  1. Behavior patters- People experience and identify others’ emotions (mimicry).
  2. Communications- voice, body, face show emotional state.
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6
Q

What are the purposes of emotions?

A
  1. Adaptive- fight or flight
  2. Cognitive- decision making
  3. Relationships- Interpersonal. Cultures have different “display rules,” and honesty/dishonesty is hard to tell apart.
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7
Q

______ ______ is the idea that emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.

A

Facial feedback hypothesis

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8
Q

What is a display rule?

A

norm for the appropriate expression of emotion (Grandpa vs Stranger)

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9
Q

What are the two dimensions of emotion?

A

Arousal- active or passive experience is

Valence- + or - experience is

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10
Q

General ways to regulate emotion

A
  1. Behavioral- avoiding triggers

2. Cognitive- Memories to trigger emotion

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11
Q

Ineffective ways to regulate emotion

A

Suppression: inhibiting the outward signs of an emotion

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12
Q

2 Effective ways to regulate emotion

A

Affect labeling: putting one’s feelings into words reduces intensity

Reappraisal- changing the way one thinks about event (PERSPECTIVE)

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13
Q

Define emotional expression

A

Observable sign of emotional state- body language, face, voice, touch, etc.

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14
Q

The _____ _____ states that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone. How accurate is this?

A

Universality hypothesis

  • The is definitely considerable agreement between people, but it isn’t perfect.
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15
Q

5 emotions universally known

A

Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness

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16
Q

Words are _____, and facial expressions are ____.

A

Symbols (arbitrary to culture) ; Signs (caused by things they signify)

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17
Q

Four types of Display Rules:

A

Intensification-exaggerating emotional expression (AVOCADO!)

Deintensification- muting emotional expression

Masking- expressing one emotion while feeling another

Neutralizing- showing no expression of the emotion one is feeling

18
Q

Sincere vs Insincere Expressions

A

Morphology: Sincere= crinkle eyes (cannot control)
Symmetry: Sincere= more symmetrical
Duration: Sincere=short duration
Temporal patterning: Sincere= appear and disappear SMOOTHLY

19
Q

The problem with polygraph is that:

A
  • It is not accurate enough
  • Measure physiological
    responses to stress
20
Q

Relation between emotion and motivation:

A
  • Emotions move people (motivate)
21
Q

How do emotions provide people with information

A

Events in the world can influence our emotions

22
Q

How are emotions related to motivation?

A
  • Hedonic principle

- Activate, Sustain, and Direct behavior

23
Q

What is the hedonic principle?

A

People motivated to experience pleasure (approach motivation) and avoid pain (avoidance motivation)

24
Q

Types of Motivation (Broad Categories in notes)

A
  1. Physiological = Homeostasis
    Made of: Instincts, Needs, Drives
  2. Cognitive = Goal/Expectation
    Made of: Intrinsic (self-rewarding) and Extrinsic (rewarded)
25
Q

Motivation is related to _____

A

Reinforcement

26
Q

Behaviorists rejected William James’ concept of _____. Why (2 reasons)?

A
  • Instinct
  • Wanted behavior explained by external stimuli
  • Wanted learned behaviors; not inherited (instincts)
27
Q

Behaviorists replaced instincts with ______. Which are:

A
  • Drives (homeostasis)

- Signal sent by body reacting to physiological needs

28
Q

What is drive reduction theory

A

Organisms want to reduce drives

29
Q

In the “hierarchy of needs.” ______ motivations generally take precedence over _______ motivations

A

Biological ; Psychological

30
Q

Why do we get hungry?

A

Complex physiological processes by which the body informs the brain about its current energy state

31
Q

Name 3 eating disorders

A

BED, bulimia, and anorexia

32
Q

What causes obesity and eating disorders?

A
  • Genetic, experiential, psychological, and cultural origins
  • Difficult to overcome
  • Easier to prevent obesity than to remedy it
33
Q

Why is dieting ineffective?

A

Our bodies store excess fat to defend against scarcity.

- Metabolisms slow as a response to reduced calories.

34
Q

Which hormones regulate sexual interest in men and women

A

Testosterone

35
Q

Sexual Response Cycle (4)

A
  • Excitement phase, muscle tension and blood flow increase
  • Plateau phase, heart rate and muscle tension increase further
  • Orgasm phase, breathing becomes extremely rapid and the pelvic muscles begin a series of rhythmic contractions
  • Resolution phase, muscles relax, blood pressure drops, and the body returns to its resting state
  • Refractory period, further stimulation does nothing
36
Q

Why do people have sex?

A

-Physical attraction
-A means to an end
-Increase emotional
connection
-Alleviate insecurity

37
Q

Which are more powerful motivators: Intrinsic or extrinsic? How can punishment affect intrinsic? Extrinsic?

A
  • Extrinsic
  • Punishment:
    + Increases intrinsic –>
    Created extrinsic
38
Q

People mainly know their _____ motivations. They usually aren’t aware of their _______ motivations, until their encounter a challenge.

A

conscious: unconscious

39
Q

Name an unconscious motivation

A

Need for achievement- solve problems

40
Q

Avoidance motivations overpowering approach motivations usually causes _____ aversion.
Define it.

A
  • loss

- Tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal-size gains

41
Q

Terror management theory

A

How people respond to knowledge of their own mortality

42
Q

What do cultural worldviews (good and bad) help to deal with?

A

Mortality reminders

Social Psychology (6 decks)

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