8- Emotion And Motivation Flashcards
Define emotion
Ubiquitous, immediate response to a stimulus. I subjective (+ or -), and causes physiological activity
What three factors make up emotion?
- Cognitive
- Physiological
- Phenomenological
What are three theories for how these factors interact? Are they right?
- James–Lange= Stimulus> Physiological>
Phenonenological - Cannon–Bard=
Stimulus>
Physiological and Phenonenological (separate, simultaneous) - Schacter-Singer (Two-Factor)= Stimulus> Physiological> Cognitive Interpretation> Phenonenological
- None are entirely right (3 is the best)
How are emotions produced?
Interaction of the cortex and amygdala.
Stimulus ->
amygdala (interprets) -> cortex (comprehensive analysis), may downgrade amygdala reaction
What do emotions provide?
- Behavior patters- People experience and identify others’ emotions (mimicry).
- Communications- voice, body, face show emotional state.
What are the purposes of emotions?
- Adaptive- fight or flight
- Cognitive- decision making
- Relationships- Interpersonal. Cultures have different “display rules,” and honesty/dishonesty is hard to tell apart.
______ ______ is the idea that emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.
Facial feedback hypothesis
What is a display rule?
norm for the appropriate expression of emotion (Grandpa vs Stranger)
What are the two dimensions of emotion?
Arousal- active or passive experience is
Valence- + or - experience is
General ways to regulate emotion
- Behavioral- avoiding triggers
2. Cognitive- Memories to trigger emotion
Ineffective ways to regulate emotion
Suppression: inhibiting the outward signs of an emotion
2 Effective ways to regulate emotion
Affect labeling: putting one’s feelings into words reduces intensity
Reappraisal- changing the way one thinks about event (PERSPECTIVE)
Define emotional expression
Observable sign of emotional state- body language, face, voice, touch, etc.
The _____ _____ states that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone. How accurate is this?
Universality hypothesis
- The is definitely considerable agreement between people, but it isn’t perfect.
5 emotions universally known
Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness
Words are _____, and facial expressions are ____.
Symbols (arbitrary to culture) ; Signs (caused by things they signify)
Four types of Display Rules:
Intensification-exaggerating emotional expression (AVOCADO!)
Deintensification- muting emotional expression
Masking- expressing one emotion while feeling another
Neutralizing- showing no expression of the emotion one is feeling
Sincere vs Insincere Expressions
Morphology: Sincere= crinkle eyes (cannot control)
Symmetry: Sincere= more symmetrical
Duration: Sincere=short duration
Temporal patterning: Sincere= appear and disappear SMOOTHLY
The problem with polygraph is that:
- It is not accurate enough
- Measure physiological
responses to stress
Relation between emotion and motivation:
- Emotions move people (motivate)
How do emotions provide people with information
Events in the world can influence our emotions
How are emotions related to motivation?
- Hedonic principle
- Activate, Sustain, and Direct behavior
What is the hedonic principle?
People motivated to experience pleasure (approach motivation) and avoid pain (avoidance motivation)
Types of Motivation (Broad Categories in notes)
- Physiological = Homeostasis
Made of: Instincts, Needs, Drives - Cognitive = Goal/Expectation
Made of: Intrinsic (self-rewarding) and Extrinsic (rewarded)
Motivation is related to _____
Reinforcement
Behaviorists rejected William James’ concept of _____. Why (2 reasons)?
- Instinct
- Wanted behavior explained by external stimuli
- Wanted learned behaviors; not inherited (instincts)
Behaviorists replaced instincts with ______. Which are:
- Drives (homeostasis)
- Signal sent by body reacting to physiological needs
What is drive reduction theory
Organisms want to reduce drives
In the “hierarchy of needs.” ______ motivations generally take precedence over _______ motivations
Biological ; Psychological
Why do we get hungry?
Complex physiological processes by which the body informs the brain about its current energy state
Name 3 eating disorders
BED, bulimia, and anorexia
What causes obesity and eating disorders?
- Genetic, experiential, psychological, and cultural origins
- Difficult to overcome
- Easier to prevent obesity than to remedy it
Why is dieting ineffective?
Our bodies store excess fat to defend against scarcity.
- Metabolisms slow as a response to reduced calories.
Which hormones regulate sexual interest in men and women
Testosterone
Sexual Response Cycle (4)
- Excitement phase, muscle tension and blood flow increase
- Plateau phase, heart rate and muscle tension increase further
- Orgasm phase, breathing becomes extremely rapid and the pelvic muscles begin a series of rhythmic contractions
- Resolution phase, muscles relax, blood pressure drops, and the body returns to its resting state
- Refractory period, further stimulation does nothing
Why do people have sex?
-Physical attraction
-A means to an end
-Increase emotional
connection
-Alleviate insecurity
Which are more powerful motivators: Intrinsic or extrinsic? How can punishment affect intrinsic? Extrinsic?
- Extrinsic
- Punishment:
+ Increases intrinsic –>
Created extrinsic
People mainly know their _____ motivations. They usually aren’t aware of their _______ motivations, until their encounter a challenge.
conscious: unconscious
Name an unconscious motivation
Need for achievement- solve problems
Avoidance motivations overpowering approach motivations usually causes _____ aversion.
Define it.
- loss
- Tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal-size gains
Terror management theory
How people respond to knowledge of their own mortality
What do cultural worldviews (good and bad) help to deal with?
Mortality reminders
