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Social Psychology > 9- Language And Thought > Flashcards

9- Language And Thought Flashcards

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1
Q

A. What is thinking?

A

Making sense of world

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2
Q

A. What do we think in terms of

A

Concepts and Categories

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3
Q

A. Define Concept

A

Mental representation of real thing

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4
Q

A. Define Category

A

How we group these mental representations in our minds

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5
Q

A. Cognitive Processes that we undergo

A

Categorization (A), Reasoning/ Rationalization (B), Problem Solving (C), and Decision Making (D)

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6
Q

A. How does thinking happen

A

Integrate Perception and Memory

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7
Q

A. 4 Theories of Thought (How do we process information at categorize it)

A
  1. Necessary (must be true to belong) and Sufficient (if true, proves it belongs to category)
  2. Family Resemblance- similarities, not clone though
  3. Prototype Theory- compare to “best” member of category
  4. Exemplar Theory- compare new instance with stored memories of other ones.
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8
Q

A. How are prototypes and exemplars processed?

A
  • Category-specific organization = innate, no need for visual experiences.
  • Prototypes: Left, Visual Cortex
  • Exemplars: Right, Prefrontal Cortex
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9
Q

A. In what way is brain is “pre-wired” to organize inputs?

A

Into Living and Non-living things

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10
Q

A. Category-specific deficit

A

Inability to recognize objects that belong to a SPECIFIC category, but ability to recognize object outside category. (Categories: Names, animals, humans, tools)

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11
Q

Vision or Language for memory?

A
  • Verbal> Visual

-Language Capacity is
central for memory
encoding.

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12
Q

Social Cognition

A

Make sense of oneself, the world, and our reality

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13
Q

(B). What is Rational Choice Theory? Do we always make decisions by it?

A
  • Making decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two.
  • We don’t always do this
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14
Q

Commonsense psychology

A

We are always trying to find meaning

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15
Q

What is the process of “Cognizing” the World (4) (AIJM)

A
  1. Attention
  2. Interpretation
  3. Judgement
  4. Memory (encoding)
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16
Q

We are ______ ________ when processing info

A

Motivated Tacticians

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17
Q

What are three ways we are Motivated Tacticians?

A
  1. Manage self-image- self-serving bias
  2. Conserve effort- heuristics (not algorithm)
  3. Accuracy- CDC
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18
Q

The first way is Managing Self Image. How do we do that (3)?

A
  • Confirmation bias and Belief perseverance- look for things that agree with beliefs
  • Self- serving bias
19
Q

3rd is Accuracy. Explain it. Give a theory for it.

A
  • JUDGING OTHERS- Info can be used and explained SYSTEMATICALLY
  • Covariaton/Attribution theory:
    “Jack and Jill”
  1. Consistency- Often?
  2. Distinctiveness- Same with all?
  3. Consensus- Others?
20
Q

2nd Way we are MT: Conserving Effort. What are four ways we do this? Why?

A
  1. Availability heuristics: choose easiest to recall (familiarity)
  2. Representativeness heuristics- choose one closest to your prototype
  3. Ignoring base-rate information: choose frequency (1 of 100) over probability (1%)
  4. Conjunction fallacy- choose 2 events together over a single event
    - We place way too much value on OUTCOMES
21
Q

Framing events

A

People answer depending on how event is phrased

22
Q

Sunk-cost fallacy

A

People decide based on what they invested in it

Ex: Basketball players: $$ vs skill

23
Q

Optimism bias

A

People see themselves in optimistic light.

24
Q

Prospect Theory

A

People chose risks when wanting to ward off loss (rebate), and avoid rick when want gains (lottery).

25
Q

What is the Prefrontal Cortex’ Role in Decision Making?

A

Damage to it = riskier decisions

26
Q

The values we place on ________ overshadow objective evidence

A
  • outcomes

Conserving effort- ignore probabilities

27
Q

We feel that avoiding _____ is more important than ______ gains

A

-avoiding: achieving

28
Q

(B). T or F: Emotional info strongly influences decision making, and we are aware of it

A

False: We aren’t always aware of it, but it does

29
Q

(C) T or F: Problem solving is a process in which new inputs (in this case, problems) are interpreted in terms of old knowledge

A

True- like organizing knowledge

30
Q

Ill-defined problem

A

Not have a clear goal or well-defined solution paths

31
Q

Well-defined problem

A

Clear goals and solution paths

32
Q

What processes do we use to solve problems?

A

Means-ends analysis

Analogical problem solving

33
Q

What is this means-ends analysis?

A

Steps to reduce the differences between the current situation and the desired goal

34
Q

What’s analogical problem solving?

A

Solve a problem by fining how a similar problem was solved.

  • Tumor and bridge example
35
Q

All problems are solved in an ____ manner. Even insightful/creative solutions (unconscious).

A

incremental

36
Q

(C). What is functional fixedness

A

Constricts our thinking because we perceive the functions of certain objects as unchanging

37
Q

What is reasoning?

A

Organizing info or beliefs in order to reach conclusions.

38
Q

T or F: Logic is a tool for evaluating reasoning

A

True

39
Q

Practical reasoning vs. Theoretical reasoning

A

P= figuring out what to do, or reasoning directed toward action.
- Means-ends
analysis
is an example

T= (aka discursive reasoning) is reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief.

40
Q

Cross cultural studies show that competency on reasoning tests depends on ________ rather than _______.

A

understanding; ability

41
Q

Belief Bias is

A

People accept conclusions depending on believably rather than validity.

42
Q

An example of this belief bias is shown through syllogistic reasoning, which is

A

Assesses whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true (or is it believability).

43
Q

Do people find practical or theoretical reasoning more difficult?

A

Theoretical- evaluating truth of arguments

Social Psychology (6 decks)

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