Nosocomial Infections Flashcards
It is also called as HOSPITAL acquired infection
Nosocomial Infections
The offending organism was obtained in the hospital environement during period of _____________ of patient
confinement
What does CAUTI means?
Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection
What does CLABSI means?
Central Associated Blood Stream Infection
Meaning of VAP
Ventication Associated Pneumonia
Meaning of SSI
Surgical Site Infection
8 Types of patients most-likely to develop Nosocomial Infections
- Elderly
- Women in Labor & Delivery
- Premature infants and newborns
- Surgical and Burn Pations
- Diabetic and Cancer pt
- Pt receiveing Tx w/ steroids, anticancer drugs, antilymphocyte serum, & radiation
- Immunosupressed pt
- Pt who are paralyzed / undergoing renal dialysis or catheter
3 Major Factors of developing nosocomial infections
- HIGHER drug-resistant pathogens
- Failure of HCP to follow CONTROL GUIDELINES
- HIGHER NUMBER of immunocompromised / suppressed pt
7 Other Contributing Factors
- indisciminate use of antimicrobial agents
- false sense of security about antimicrobial agents
- lengthy and more complicated types of surgeries
- OVERCROWDING of hospitals and other halthcare facilities (shortage of staff)
- increased use of LESS-HIGHLY TRAINED healthcate workers
- increased use of ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOSUPPRRESANT AGENTS
- Overuse & Improper use of INDWELLING MEDICAL DEVICES
Microorganism in the hospital environment found in wound infection, UTI, Bacteremia, Meningitis
Enterococcus
Microorganism in the hospital environment found in Meningitis, Bacterium, UTI, abdominal & pelvic infection, pneumonia
Escherichia coli
Microorganism in the hospital environment found in UTI
Staphylococcus aureus
Microorganism in the hospital environment found in malignant external otitis, meningitis, reptivermis, pneumonia; most COMMON & HARD to treat
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Microorganism in the hospital environment found in nearby half of nosocomial diarrhea
Clostridium difficile
Microorganism in the hospital environment found in UTI, sepsis
Candida albicans
Microorganism in the hospital environment may cause UTI & SSI
Other gram-negative bacteria
5 Critical Areas Common in infection
- ER
- OR
- DR
- NURSERY
- ICU
The host is compromised due to (2)
- Broken skin or mucous membranes
- Suppresed immune system
they are cells that are resistance to diseases
T-cells
Other term for T-cells
T-lymphocytes
they mobilize phagocytes and other lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
they secrete chemical substances that kill pathogens
T-lymphocyes
other term for B-cells
B-lymphocytes
they develop antibody-producing cells
B-cells
antibodies provide immunity
B-lymohocytes
what type of route (chain of transimission) takes place when a hospital staff transmits to patient to another patient
Direct contact transmission form
type of route (chain of transmission) that takes place from ventilation systems & fomites
Indirect contact transmission form
4 types of indirect contact transmission
urinary catheter, intravenous catheter, needles, surgical dressing
3 ways to control nosocomial infections
handwashing, disinfection of wastes, single-use/disposable/sterilized materials
it means “clean” and to reduce / exclude pathogens
medical asepsis
it means “sterile” and to remove / exclude ALL microorganisms; seen in OR, labor and DR, certain areas of hosp. lab, patient’s bedside during invasive procedures
surgical asepsis
small particle residues that remain suspended in air for long periods; particles 5 microns and LESS in diameter (e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rubeola virus, varicella)
Airborne
pt with airborne diseases should be put in what type of room?
negative pressure room
what should you do if a private room is unavailable?
cohort
what is cohort
placing 2 pt with same MICROORGANISM in 1 room
they are propelled as result of coughing, sneezing, and talking (e.g. diphtheria, influenza, pertussis, mumps, rubela, streptococcal pharyngitis, pneumonia); LESS THAN 1 CM
droplets
type of precaution that is most important and is frequent done; divided into direct and indirect (e.g. GI, respiratorym skin or wound infections, chickenpox, impetigo, herpes simplex infections)
contact
measures designed to prevent spread of infection or potentially infectious microorganism to health personnel, clients, and visitors
source isolation
placed in isolation TO PROTECT OTHER PEOPLE
source isolation
type or pressure used in source isolation
negative pressure
protective isolation, neutropenic isolation
reverse isolation
to protect PATIENT FROM INFECTION; pt is placed in isolation to protect himself; pt is in total protected environment (TPE)
reverse isolation
type of pressure room used in reverse isolation
positive pressure
positive pressure: air going _____ is filtered, negative pressure: air goes ________ is filtered.
outside; inside
He is also known as the father of handwashing
Ignaz Semmelweis
Used phenol for cleaning of wounds
Joseph Lister
He used bleach to wash his hands to comply with the aseptic technique
Ignaz Semmelweis
HEPA filters may be seen in __________ and ___________
vacuum; air purifier
Who coined the term asepsis?
Joseph Lister and Ignaz Semmelweie
