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MICROPARA > Organisms that make up microbial world > Flashcards

Organisms that make up microbial world Flashcards

1
Q

shape of cells are like “berries” (e.g., S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, N. gonorrhoeae

A

cocci

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1
Q

9 Major characteristics of microorganisms

A
  1. Morphological/Structural
  2. Chemical
  3. Cultural
  4. Metabolic.
  5. Antigenic
  6. Atmospheric Requirmenets
  7. Genetic
  8. Pathogenicity
  9. Ecological
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2
Q

cells are rod shaped (e.g., E. coli, P. vulgaris)

A

bacilli

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3
Q

cells have one or more twist (e.g., Vibrio cholera, Treponema pallidum)

A

spiral

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4
Q

cells changes shape or size in response to environmental conditions; adapts to the environment

A

pleomorphic

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5
Q

arrangement - cocci

it has one plane of division; composed of 2 cells

A

diplo

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6
Q

arrangement - cocci

it has one plane of division; composed of many cells; “stacks”

A

strepto

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7
Q

arrangement - cocci

it has two plane of division

A

tetrad

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8
Q

arrangement - cocci

it has three plane of division

A

sarcinae

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9
Q

arrangement - bacilli

one plane of division

A

strepto

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10
Q

arrangement - bacilli

thick, short type of bacilli; almost the same with diplo

A

coccobacillus

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11
Q

arrangement - spiral

one twist

A

vibrio

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12
Q

arrangement - spiral

many twists

A

spirillum

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13
Q

for synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, energy source

A

carbon

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14
Q

require ORGANIC carbon as energy source (e.g. glucos)

A

heterotrophs

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15
Q

require INORGANIC carbon as energy source (e.g. carbon dioxide)

A

autotrophs

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16
Q

it is a major component of proteins, nucleic acid, co-enzymes; terminal electron acceptor in respiration by some bacteria (nitrates)

A

nitrogen

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17
Q

constituent of some amino acids in proteins and some coenzymes (methionine & cystine)

A

sulfur

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18
Q

most abundant; constituent of water and most organic cell components; electrin acceptor in AEROBIC respiration

A

oxygen

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19
Q

consituent of water and organic cell components, hydrogen ions form hydrogen bonds, and maintain pH of sol’n

A

hydrogen

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20
Q

component of ATP, phospholipid and coenzymes

A

phosphorus

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21
Q

they can withstand and prefer environment that has a temperature ranging from 15-20 degree Celsius

A

psychrophiles

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22
Q

they can withstand and prefer environment that has a temperature ranging from 20-40 degree Celsius

A

mesophiles

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23
Q

they can withstand and prefer environment that has a temperature ranging from 45-80 degree Celsius

A

thermophiles

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24
Q

they can withstand and prefer environment that has a temperature ranging from 180-250 degree Celsius

A

hyperthermophiles

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25
Q

what is the term for microorganisms that has a pH level of < 5.4

A

acidophile

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26
Q

what is the term for microorganisms that has a pH level of 5.4-8.5

A

neutrophiles

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27
Q

what is the term for microorganisms that has a pH level of 8.5-11.5

A

alkaliphiles

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28
Q

microorganisms that absorbs light as a way of obtaining energy

A

phototrophic

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29
Q

microorganisms that makes their own energy as a way of obtaining energy

A

chemotrophic

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30
Q

they are distinctive antigens

A

antigenic

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31
Q

microorganisms that have absolute oxygen requirement (e.g. M. tuberculosis, Pseudomonas spp.)

A

obligate aerobes

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32
Q

microorganisms that can multiply in the presence/absence of oxygen (e.g. Enterics)

A

facultative anaerobes

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33
Q

microorganisms that are unable to multiply in the presence of oxygen (e.g. Clostridium, Bordetella, Bacteroides)

A

obligate anaerobes

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34
Q

microorganisms that prefers presence of 5-10% carbon dioxide with small amounts of oxygen (e.g. Neisseria spp.)

A

capnophilic

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35
Q

microorganisms that require small amounts of oxygen (2-10% for aerobic resporation; e.g. Campylobacter spp., Sphirochetes)

A

microaerophilic

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36
Q

microorganisms that can grow in the presence of oxygen but DO NOT USE it

A

aerotolerant

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37
Q

it is the ability to cause disease

A

pathogenicity

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38
Q

it is the distinctive hereditary material

A

genetic

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39
Q

it is the distribution to nature, interaction between and among species

A

ecological

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40
Q

what are the 4 eukaryotic microbes?

A

lichens, algae, fungi, slime molds

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41
Q

what are the 3 acellular and prokaryotic microbes

A

acellular infectious agents, domain bacteria, domain archaea

42
Q

what are the 3 parasites

A

helminths, protozoa, arthropods

43
Q

photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms; more plantlike than protozoa. cells consists of pellicle (thickened cell membrane), a stigma (light-sensing organelle), and a flagella; pathogenicity - rare: some secrete PHYCOTOXINS that are poisonous (e.g. in paralytic shellfish poisoning)

44
Q

thought to be combination of 2 organisms - alga (cyanobaacterium) and a fungus; recent evidence suggest that a yeast may also be present; NOT associated with human disease

45
Q

have both fungal and protozoal characteristics; start as AMEBA, but progress into a MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM; decomposer and nutrient recyclers; NOT known to cause human disease

A

slime molds

46
Q

divided into macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi) and microscopic (molds, yeasts); NON-PHOTOSYNTHETIC (lack chlorophyll & vascular system); STEROLS (ergosterol) are usually present in cell membrane

47
Q

what does the cell walls of a fungi contain?

A

polysaccharide called chitin

48
Q

a basic form of fungi that has single cells, reproduced by BUDDING

49
Q

a basic form of fungi that has hyphae and mycelia, reproduced by MITOSIS

transverse walls (septate hyphae),
multinucleated (nonseptate hyphae)

50
Q

HABITAT - fungi

it is when they grow on organic matter

A

saprophytic (saprobes)

51
Q

HABITAT - fungi

it is when they grow on bodies of living animals or plants

52
Q

all fungi are __________; gets nutrients from organic compound

A

heterotrophic

53
Q

desirable effects of fungi

A

decomposers
for chemotherapy
biotechnology, bread and wine industry
protein supplements
production of cellulose, and herbicides

54
Q

undesirable effects of fungi

A

spoilage of food and grains
plant pathogens
cause human diseases (hypersensitivity reactions, toxicoses (mycotoxicosis)

55
Q

2 types of host response in fungal pathogenesis

A

granulomatous or pyogenic response

56
Q

they are LIVER NECROSIS due to AMANITIN and PHYLLOIDIN

A

amanita mushrooms

57
Q

ingestion of contaminated peanuts of grains causes LIVER CANCER due to aflatoxin

A

aspergillus flavus

58
Q

inhalation of the spores causes ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS (IgE-mediated)

A

aspergillus fumigatus

59
Q

laboratory diagnosis of fungi

what is the term when the low pH inhibits growth of bacteria

A

sabouraud agad

60
Q

they are a type of acellular infectious agents; obligate intracellular parasites of plants; acellular; naked RNA; no human disease known

61
Q

a type of acellular infectious agents; non-cellular infectious proteins; naked proteins that have the same amino acid sequence as certain normal human cell surface proteins but have folded differently

62
Q

a type of acellular infectious agents; resistant to nucleases, proteases, many chemicals and normal autoclaving; associated with spongiform encephalopathies (e.g. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Kuru, and Fatal Familial Insomnia)

63
Q

susceptible popl’n from this type of acellular infectious agents are women and children of the fore tribe in New Guinea, neurosurgeons and brain surgery patients, transplant surgeons and patients

64
Q

it is the appearance of vacuolated neurons with loss of function and the lack of an immune response of inflammation

A

spongiform encephalopathies

65
Q

smallest infetious agents; contain only either DNA or RNA as the genome; inert in the extracellular environment; replicate ONLY LIVING CELLS; bacteriophage

66
Q

it is a term for a virus that infect bacteria

A

bacteriophage

67
Q

parts of virus

it surround the center of the virion

A

capsid / protein coat

68
Q

part of a virus

combination of the nucleic acid and the capsid

A

nucleocapsid

69
Q

part of virus

helps virus attach to host cell

A

protein spikes

70
Q

part of virus

the complete viral particle

71
Q

it helps penetrate cell and multiply; surrounds the nucleocapsid; lipid membrane derived from the host cell

A

membrane envelope

72
Q

a geometric shape with 20 triangular sides (most stable)

A

icosahedral

73
Q

type of virus that has 2 types: positive stranded or negative stranded

A

rna viruses

74
Q

RNA is just like an mRNA. when it enters host cell, its RNA can IMMEDIATELY BE TRANSLATED by host ribosomes into protein

A

postive stranded RNA viruses

75
Q

cannot begin translation immediately. must transcribe negative strand to positive strand. virion has its own RNA dependent polymerase that will carry out transcription of the negative strand into positive

A

negative stranded RNA viruses

76
Q

cannot be translated into proteins. it must be transcribed into mRNA with susequent translation of mRNA into structural proteins

A

dna viruses

77
Q

OUTCOMES OF VIRAL INFECTIONS

visual or functional change in infected cells

A

cytopathic effects

78
Q

OUTCOMES OF VIRAL INFECTIONS

incogenic viruses induce transformation and unrestrained growth

A

malignant transformation

79
Q

OUTCOMES OF VIRAL INFECTIONS

infected cell appear normal but are producing large number of progeny viruses

A

commensal symbiosis

80
Q

habitat of bacteria

A

soil, plants, humans, animal

81
Q

reproduction of bacteria

A

binary fission

82
Q

ancient bacteria; previously referred to as ARCHAEBACTERIAL and ARCHEOBACTERIA; nonpathogenic

83
Q

what does methanogens mean?

A

fuel production from sewage

84
Q

they are organisms that live on or in other living organisms (host)

A

parasites

NOT ALL organisms studied in parasitology are microorganisms

85
Q

HABITAT of parasites

parasite that is established in or on the EXTERIOR surface of a host (e.g. mites, ticks, lice)

A

ECTOparasite

86
Q

HABITAT

parasite that is established inside of a host (e.g. parasitic protozoa, helminths)

A

ENDOparasite

87
Q

parasite that is capable of existing independently of a host

A

facultative parasite

88
Q

parasite that cannot survive outside of a host

A

obligate parasite

89
Q

TYPE OF HOST

host other than the normal that is harboring a parasite

A

accidental/incidental host

90
Q

TYPE OF HOST

host that harbors the adult or sexual stage of the parasite or sexual phase of life cycle

A

definitive host

91
Q

TYPE OF HOST

host harboring parasites that are parasitic for humans and from which humans MAY become infected

A

reservoir host

92
Q

TYPE OF HOST

host responsible for transferring a parasite from 1 place to another

A

transport host

93
Q

TYPE OF HOST

parasite harboring host that is not exhibiting any symptoms but can infect others

94
Q

TYPE OF HOST

a host from which the parasite cannot continue its life cycle

A

dead-end host

95
Q

known as “first animal”; exhibits some characteristics typical of animal life; unicellular, change shape as they move along surfaces; NO CELL WALL, has pellicle for protection

96
Q

reproduction of protoza

A

asexual - usually by binary fission

97
Q

parasitic WORMS; some are relatively large; endoparasites; 2 phyla: roundworms (nematodes), flatworms (platyhelminthes)

98
Q

also known as platyhelminthes; thin; often segmented; class: cestodes (tapeworms) or trematodes (flukes)

A

flat worms

99
Q

also known as nematodes; elongate; cylindrical; unsegmented

A

roundworms

100
Q

REPRODUCTION

intermediate host (larval stage)

101
Q

REPRODUCTION

definitive host (adult worm, for mating)

102
Q

invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), segmented body appendages; includes insects (lice, fleas, flies, mosquitoes, reduviid [kissing bug], arachnids (mites and ticks), crustaceans

A

anthropods

MICROPARA (13 decks)

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