Evolution of Microbio Flashcards
as many as 11 different types of fossils of primitive microorganisms have been found in ancient rock formations in Western Australia (Bartolome, F. and E. Quiles, 2024)
3.5 billion years ago
animals made their appearance on earth
900 and 650 million years ag
humans have existed
Past 100,000 years or so
First Microorganisms ON EARTH
Cyanobacteria
plague (an epidemic) broke out in Egypt
3180 BC
an outbreak of a smallpox-like disease
originating from China spread worldwide
1122 BC
The Origin of Microbes
Theory of Biogenesis
life may arise from non-living matter
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
life may arise from pre-existing life
Theory of Biogenesis
It showed the first recording of Public Health
Lebiticus
1546
● Italian physician
● Proposed that invisible organisms may be
involved in disease
Girolamo Fracastoro
1546
● Italian physician
● Proposed that epidemic diseases are
caused by transferable tiny particles or
“spores”
Girolamo Fracastoro
1660
● An Englishman who explored various matter with a compound microscope
● Discoveredthesmalleststructuralunits
were little boxes “cells”
Robert Hooke
1668
● An Italian Naturalist
● Demonstrated that animals do not
arise spontaneously from dead organic matter
Francesco Redi
1676
● A Dutch linen merchant
● The first to describe bacteria and
protozoa using a small, simple microscope and then was known as the “Father of Microbiology”
● “ANIMALCULES”
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
1745
● An English biologist and Roman Catholic priest
● He demonstrated experiments that seemed to show that there was a life force that produced spontaneous generation
John Needham
1770
● An Italian Catholic priest, biologist and physiologist
● Demonstrated that heated broth, in the absence of air, do not support spontaneous generation
● Challenged the claim of John Needham
Lazzzaro Spallanzani
1796
● An English surgeon who introduced the first vaccine – against smallpox
● He explained the effectivity of using
cowpox vaccine as an immunization for smallpox in humans.
Edward Jenner
1847-1850
● A Hungarian physician who substantiated his theory that childbed fever is a contagious disease transmitted to women by their physicians during childbirth.
● He postulated the theory of washing with chlorinated lime solutions.
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
1853-1854
● A London physician who demonstrated the epidemic spread of cholera through a water supply contaminated with human sewage
John Snow
1858
● German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician
● Challenged abiogenesis with the theory of biogenesis as summarized by his famous statement: “omnis cellula e cellula”
Rudolf Virchow
1857
● AFrenchbacteriologistwhostudiedabout the bacterial contamination of wine.
● Stated that specific microbes produce a specific fermentation product
Louis Pasteur
1857
● Developed techniques for selective destruction of microorganisms (pasteurization)
Louis Pasteur
1861
● Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation through definitive experiments.
● He introduced the terms “aerobes” and “anaerobes”
Louis Pasteur
1868
● Discovered the infectious agents that caused the silkworm diseases that crippled the silk industry of France.
Louis Pasteur
1881
● Madesignificantcontributionsto the Germ Theory of Disease
● Developed vaccines for anthrax in animals.
Louis Pasteur
1885
● Developed a special vaccine for rabies
Louis Pasteur
1867
● An English surgeon who published his first work about antiseptic surgery
● Applied phenol (carbolic acid) to kill bacteria
Joseph Lister
1876-1877
● A prominent 19th century physicist who demonstrated that open tubes of broth remained free of bacteria if air was free of dust.
● Developed tyndallization (fractional sterilization) to destroy spores.
John Tyndall
1876-1877
● Observed anthrax in cattle and identified Bacillus anthracis as its causative agent.
Robert Koch
1881
● Introduced the use of pure culture techniques for handling bacteria in the laboratory.
● Developedsolidculturemedia(agar) as suggested by Fannie Hesse
Robert Koch
1882
• Discovered the pathogen for TB
Robert Koch
1887
• His laboratory assistant Julius Richard Petri invented a round, shallow dish with a flat bottom and vertical sides to hold agar or gelatin growth media (PETRI DISH)
Robert Koch
1884
● Developed postulates in proving the cause of infectious disease
Robert Koch
T OR F
Koch’s Postulates:
• The causative agent must not be present in every case of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals.
F
The causative agent MUST BE present in every case of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals.
T OR F
Koch’s Postulates:
•The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host animal and must be grown in pure culture.
T
T OR F
Koch’s Postulates:
• A different disease must be produced when microbes from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible animals.
F
Koch’s Postulates:
• The SAME disease must be produced when microbes from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible animals.
T OR F
Koch’s Postulates
•The same pathogen must be recoverable once again from this artificially infected host animal, and it must be able to be grown again in pure culture.
T
1884
● A Danish physician who devised the gram staining technique for differentiating bacteria
Hans Christian Gram
1890
● A German physiologist who developed the method for producing immunity by using antitoxin against diptheria
Emil Adolf von Behring
1892
● A Russian biologist who was the first to discover viruses (tobacco-mosaic virus) and showed that it can be transmitted in a cell-free infiltrate
Dimitri Ivanovsky
1898
● An Italian zoologist known for his work demonstrating that mosquitoes carry the malaria parasite Plasmodium in their digestive tract.
Giovanni Battista Grassi
1898
● A British doctor who received theNobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on Malaria.
● He discovered the malarial parasite to be residing in the GI tract of the Anopheles mosquito
Sir Ronald Ross
19th Century
● An English nurse who developed modern nursing techniques and procedures for organizing hospitals to reduce the spread of diseases
Florence Nightingale
1905
● A German zoologist and a German dermatologist, respectively, who coined that Syphilis is shown to be caused by Treponema pallidum
Fritz Richard Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann
1908
● A German scientist who formulated the humoral theory of resistance
● Developed new staining techniques
● Developed the very first chemotherapeutic agent to combat syphilis (Salvarsan)
Paul Ehrlich
1910
● An American pathologist who discovered viruses that could induce cancer
Francis Rous
1929
● A Scottish bacteriologist who discovered and described the properties of the first antibiotic (PENICILLIN)
Sir Alexander Fleming
1933-1938
● A German physicist and a German electrical engineer, respectively, who developed the first electron microscope
Ernst August Friedrich Ruska and Bodo von Borries
1954
● An American medical researcher and virologist who developed the first Polio Vaccine
Jonas Salk
1982
● An American microbiologist who developed the first version of the Hepatitis B vaccine from virus isolated from fresh human blood.
Maurice Ralph Hilleman
1983
● A French virologist and an American biomedical researcher, respectively, known for the isolation and characterization of HIV
Luc Antoine Montagnier and Robert Charles Gallo
1986
● A Chilean biochemist dedicated to biotechnology development, known for the discovery of the Hepatitis C virus and the invention of the first recombinant vaccine against the Hepatitis B virus, the vaccine still in use today.
Pablo DT Valenzuela
2006
Invented through the combined efforts of the researchers of the following institutions:
● Georgetown University Medical Center
● University of Rochester
● University of Queensland (Australia)
● U.S. National Cancer Institute
HPV Vaccine
