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MICROPARA > Cell Structure and Functions > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Functions Flashcards

1
Q

1665: _____________, Father of Microscopy, coined the term ________.

A

Robert Hooke; cells

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2
Q

1838-1839: _____________, and _____________ concluded __________________ = The CELL Theory

A

Matthias Schleiden; Theodore Schwann; all plants and animals are composed of cells

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3
Q

1858: Rudolf Virchow proposed the ____________

A

theory of biogenesis

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4
Q

It is a theory that states that life can only arise from pre-existing life

A

Theory of biogenesis

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5
Q

It states that all cells came from cells. Every cell is born of a previous cell

A

Omnis Cellula E Cellula

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6
Q

It is a fundamental living unit; exhibits basic characteristic of life; obtain food and nutrients from the environment for metabolism

A

Cell

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7
Q

It is called the study of cells

A

Cytology

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8
Q

All chemical reactions that occurs within a cell; grow and reproduce; respond to stimuli in environment

A

Metabolism

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9
Q

accidental changes in DNA; have to adapt for survival

A

mutate (change genetically)

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10
Q

they are cells that are known as first inhabitant; has no true nucleus

A

Prokaryotic cells

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11
Q

Two examples of prokaryotic cells

A

Archaeans & Bacteria

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12
Q

They are cells that have a true nucleus

A

Eucaryotic Cells

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13
Q

this means nut/nucleus

A

Caryo

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14
Q

They are called as precursors

A

Eucaryotes

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15
Q

What does EU in Eucaryotes mean?

A

True

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16
Q

Size of Eucaryotes

A

10-30 μm (micrometer) in diameter

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17
Q

outermost boundary of most eukaryotic cells; supported by either a cell wall or a cell membrane

A

Glycocalyx

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18
Q

3 functions of glycocalyx

A

Protection, adherence, & reception of chemical signals

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19
Q

what is glycocalyx usually composed of?

A

gelatinous substance (polysaccharide, polypetide, or both)

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20
Q

it appears as a NETWORK OF FIBER, SLIME LAYERED (loosely attached), or a capsule (strongly attached)

A

glycocalyx

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21
Q

Fungi and most algae have a _____ _______ cell wall

A

thick; rigid

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22
Q

Protozoa and animal cells _____ _________ cell wall

A

do not have

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23
Q

it is located beneath the cell wall; composed of bilayer phospholipids with protein molecules embedded; and is selectively permeable

A

cytoplasmic membrane

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24
Q

is cytoplasmic membrane an aerobic or anaerobic organism?

A

aerobic organism

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25
Q

it is a site of electron transport chain & ATP production

A

aerobic organisms

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26
Q

this allows for transport of selected solute

A

selectively permeable

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27
Q

it is a distinguishing characteristic between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell

A

Nucleus

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28
Q

it is the control or command center that controls the entire cell

29
Q

what are the 3 components of nucleus?

A

Nucleoplasm, Nucleolus, Nuclear Membrane

30
Q

it a component of the nucleus that it the gelatinous matrix / based material

A

Nucleoplasm

31
Q

a component of the nucleus that contains chromoseds (suspended/embedded)

32
Q

it is a component of the nucleus and is the largest nuclear organelle; skin around the nucleus

A

Nuclear Membrane

33
Q

what are the dots seen in the nuclear skin called and is where large molecules can enter & exit?

A

nuclear pores

34
Q

it consists of linear DNA molecules and proteins (histones and nonhistones); Genes as “beads on a string”

A

Chromosomes

35
Q

this consists of rRNA and CHON; primarily for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

36
Q

Each eucaryotic (80S) ribosome consists of the ff: _______________, and ________________

A

Large Subunit (60S); Small subunit (40S)

37
Q

provides rigidity, shape, and protection; external structures

38
Q

CELL WALL

May contain c_______, p_________, and __________ as in plant cells

A

cellulose, pectin, lignin

39
Q

CELL WALL

May contain c______/c______ and enter layer of mixed glycans as in fungi; thicker, inner layer of polysaccharide fibers

A

chtin/cellulose

40
Q

___________ as in algae; varied in chemical composition

A

Mineral Salts

41
Q

Cellulose can also be found in _________

42
Q

Chitin is also present in the exoskeleton of __________ and _________

A

beetles; crabs

43
Q

they are energy producing organelle; contains numerous photosynthetic pigments

44
Q

it is the site of photosynthesis

A

photosynthetic pigments

45
Q

A type of plastid, chloroplast contains___________

A

cholorphyll

46
Q

it is a process by which light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide & H2O into CHO (carbohydrate) and O2 (oxygen)

A

Photosynthesis

47
Q

long, thin, whip-like structure -> whipping motion to swim that serve as organelles of locomotion

48
Q

hair-like structures that are shorter, thinner, and more than flagella that also serves for locomotion in a coordinated

A

cilia; ciliates (protozoa)

49
Q

Cell structures common to all bacterial cells

A

Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, One (or a few) chromosomes

50
Q

Cell structures found in most bacterial cells

A

Bacterial Cell Wall, Glycocalyx

51
Q

Cell structures found in some bacterial cells

A

Flagella, Pili, Fimbriae, Capsules, Slime layers, Inclusions, Actin cytoskeleton, Endospores

52
Q

they are cell extensions; accessory structures on surface of bacteria; COMMON but NOT PRESENT in ALL species

A

appendages

53
Q

appendages that can provide motility

A

flagella, axial filaments

54
Q

appendages that can be used for attachment and mating

A

fimbriae, pili

55
Q

long filamentous appendages; propels bacteria

56
Q

what is the term to detect and move in response to chemical signals; positive and negative

A

chemotaxis

57
Q

two general pattern of flagella

A

polar arrangement and peritrichous

58
Q

it is a flagella arrangement that has a single flagellum

A

monotrichous

59
Q

it is a flagella arrangement wherein flagella is at both poles

A

amphitrichous

60
Q

it is a flagella arrangement wherein there’s small bunches/tufts emerging from SAME site

A

lophotrichous

61
Q

it is a flagella arrangement wherein the flagella is dispersed RANDOMLY

A

peritrichous

62
Q

it is also called perisplasmic flagella or endoflagella; is in spirochetes (corkscrew shaped); bundles of fibrils enclosed between cell wall & membrane

A

axial filaments

63
Q

what is the movement called wherein it enables axial filaments to move effectively thru body fluids

A

corkscrew movement

64
Q

they are small, bristle-like fibers, hair-like appendages; tend to stick to each other; mostly responsible for microbial colonization in inanimate objects

65
Q

elongated, rigid, tabular structure; made of the protein pilin, used in conjugation - sex pilus, most often observed in gram (-) bacteria

66
Q

composed of repeating polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both; protects cell & helps adhere to environment

A

glycocalyx

67
Q

a ___________ is UNORGANIZED & loose, protects some bacteria from loss of water and nutrients; easily detached

A

slime layer

68
Q

a ____________ is neatly ORGANIZED, bound more tightly and is denser and thicker

MICROPARA (13 decks)

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