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MICROPARA > Microbial Mechanisms > Flashcards

Microbial Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

capability of pathogen to cause disease

A

virulence

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2
Q

portals of entry

A

mucous membrane, skin, parenteral routes

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3
Q

number of invading microbes of virulence

A

ID50

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4
Q

number of invading microbes of toxin potency

A

LD50

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5
Q

infectious dose - bacillus anthracis

Cutaneous anthrax = ___ to ____ endospores

A

10 to 50

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6
Q

infectious dose - bacillus anthracis

Inhalation anthrax = ___ to ____ endospores

A

10,000 to 20,000

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7
Q

infectious dose - bacillus anthracis

Gastrointestinal anthrax = ___ to ____ endospores

A

250,000 to1,000,000 endospores

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8
Q

lethal dose

botulinum toxin in mice = ______ ng/kg

A

0.03

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9
Q

lethal dose

shiga toxin = ______ ng/kg

A

25

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10
Q

DIVERSITY OF ADHESINS

attaches to teeth by means of its glycocalyx which is primarily made up of DEXTRAN

A

streptococcus mutans

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11
Q

DIVERSITY OF ADHESINS

have fimbriae that adhere to the glycocalyx of S. mutans

A

actinomyces

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12
Q

DIVERSITY OF ADHESINS

have adhesions on fimbriae that adhere ONLY to SPECIFIC kinds of cells in the small intestine

A

shigella and e. coli

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13
Q

DIVERSITY OF ADHESINS

uses tapered end as a hook to attach to host cells

A

treponema pallidum

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14
Q

DIVERSITY OF ADHESINS

produces an adhesion for a specific receptor on a host cell

A

listeria monocytogenes

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15
Q

DIVERSITY OF ADHESINS

has a fimbriae with adhesions

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae

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16
Q

DIVERSITY OF ADHESINS

has a mechanism of adherence that resembles viral attachment

A

staphylococcus auerus

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17
Q

enzyme that coagulate blood (e.g. Staphylococci)

A

coagulase

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18
Q

enzyme that digest fibrin clots (e.g. S. pyogenes)

A

kinases (fribrinolysin)

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19
Q

enzyme that hydorlyzes hyaluronic acid (e.g. Streptococci)

A

hyaluronidase

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20
Q

enzyme that hydrolyzes collagen (e.g. Clostridium)

A

collagenase

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21
Q

enzyme that destroy IgA antibodies (e.g. N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis)

A

IgA proteases

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22
Q

enzyme that break down RBC (e.g. Staphylococci)

A

hemolysins

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23
Q

enzyme that breaks fown phospholipids, destroy plasma membrane of RBC (e.g. C. perfringens)

A

lecithinase

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24
Q

enzyme that destroy neutrophils (e.g. Staphylococci & Streptococci)

A

leukocidins - toxin

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25
Q

process of altering surface antigens thus evading immune response

A

antigenic variation

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26
Q

surface proteins that rearrange nearby actin filaments of the cytoskeleton

A

invasins

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27
Q

a glycoportein that bridges the junctions between cells; used by certain microbes to move from cell to cell

28
Q

proteins that exhibit a high affinity to iron (e.g. Enterobacatin [E. Coli], Bacillibactin [B. subtilis, B. anthracis], Vibriobactin [V. cholerae]

A

siderophores

29
Q

poisonous substances that are produced by certain microorganisms

30
Q

capacity of microorganisms to produce toxins

A

toxigenicity

31
Q

referes to the presence of toxin in blood

32
Q

TYPE OF TOXIN

produced mostly by gram + bacterium; chiefly made up of protein; part of growth and metabolism; released following LYSIS of bacterial cell; carried by BACTERIAL PLASMIDS; soluble in fluids; most LETHAT substances known; disease specific

33
Q

antibodies produced by the body provides immunity to exotoxins

A

antitoxins

34
Q

inactivated toxin used in a vaccine

35
Q

3 principal types of exotoxin

A

A-B Toxins, Membrane-disrupting toxins, superantigens

36
Q

also called as TYPE III TOXINS; 1st toxins to be studied; 2 parts designated A & B (both polypeptides); common example is Diphtheria toxin

A

A-B Toxins

37
Q

what part of A-B toxins is the active (enzyme) component

38
Q

part of A-B toxins that is the binding component

39
Q

also called TYPE II TOXINS

A

Membrane-disrupting toxins

40
Q

membrane-disrupting toxins that kill phagocytic leukocytes

A

leukocidins (staphylococci, streptococci & pneumococci)

41
Q

membrane-disrupting toxins that destroy ERYTHROCYTES

A

hemolysin (streptococci)

42
Q

also called TYPE I TOXINS; bacterial proteins

A

superantigens

43
Q

they stimulate the proliferation of immune cells called T cells with release of enormous amounts of cytokines

A

superantigens

44
Q

they include the staphylococcal toxins that cause food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome

A

superantigens

45
Q

TYPE OF TOXIN

chiefly made up of LPS (lipopolysaccharides); released when bacteria dies, and cell walls lyse; stimulates macrophage to release cytokines in very high concentrations

A

endotoxins

46
Q

toxins that produce the same signs and symptoms (chills, fever, weakness, generalized aches in some cases, shock, and death); can induce MISCARRIAGE

A

endotoxins

47
Q

toxins that have severe consequences including: DIC and Shock; microbes that produce such: S. typhi, Proteus, N. meningitidis

A

endotoxins

48
Q

small, circular, DNA molecules capable of independent replication; resistance (R) factors

49
Q

incorporation of VIRAL DNA into the bacterial chromosome; newly integrated genetic material is now called a PROPHAGE

50
Q

a bacterial cell containing a prophage

51
Q

exhibition of new properties coded by the prophage in the bacterial cell, both the host cell and its progeny

A

lysogenic conversion

52
Q

stops mitosis; releaase enzymes of host cell; formation of inclusion bodiesl fusion of adjacent infected cells (syncytium or giant cells)

A

cytopathic effects of viruses

53
Q

changes in host cell’s function w/o visible changes; some virus-infected cells produce substances called INTERFERONS

A

cytopathic effects of viruses

54
Q

induction of antigenic changes in the surface of the infected cells; induction of chromosomal changes in host cell; loss of contact inhibition

A

cytopathic effects of viruses

55
Q

doesn’t have a well-defined set of virulence factors

56
Q

they inhibit CHON synthesis; causes headaches, chills, severe nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances; produced by FUSARIUM (grains and rice)

A

trichothecenes (toxin)

57
Q

produces capsules

A

cyrptococcus neoformans

58
Q

an alkaloid; produced by CLAVICEPS PURPUREA; found in SCLEROTIA; causes hallucinations and limb gangrene

A

toxin ergot

59
Q

produced by aspergillus flavus; found in NUTS which is CARCINOGENIC

60
Q

examples: phalloidin and amanitin; produced by AMANITA PHALLOIDES (death angel); amanita mushrooms MAY RESULT IN DEATH

A

mycotoxins

61
Q

invade host cells and reproduce within them, causing their rupture

A

plasmodium

62
Q

attaches to macrophages and gains entry by phagocytosis

A

toxoplasma

63
Q

attach to host cells and digest the cells and tissue fluids

A

giardia lamblia

64
Q

produces neurotoxins; example: SAXITOXIN (produced by some genera of DINOFLAGELLATES such as Alexandium; causes PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING)

65
Q

use host tissues for growth and metabolism; waste products can lead to disease symptoms

MICROPARA (13 decks)

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