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ENT > Nose > Flashcards

Nose Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinus

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2
Q

What are the main cause of acute sinusitis?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Rhinoviruses.

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3
Q

What is the characteristic feature of acute sinusitis?

A

Facial pain- worse on bending forward

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4
Q

What 2 nasal signs can occur with acute sinusitis?

A

Nasal discharge-thick and purulent

Nasal obstruction-polyps

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5
Q

What are predisposing factors of acute sinusitis?

A

Nasal obstruction
Recent local infection
Swimming/diving
Smoking

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6
Q

What is the initial management of acute sinusitis?

A 
Analgesia 
Intranasal decongestant (saline)
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7
Q

What is the management of acute sinusitis with symptoms for more than 10 days?

A

Intranasal corticosteroids

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8
Q

What would you give if acute sinusitis is severe?

A

Oral Phenoxymethylpenicillin

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9
Q

What is chronic sinusitis?

A

Inflammatory disorder of the paranasal sinuses that lasts longer than 12 weeks

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10
Q

What is the main presentation of chronic sinusitis?

A

Facial pain that is worse on bending forward

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11
Q

What nasal symptoms can you get with chronic sinusitis?

A

Nasal discharge
Nasal obstruction
Post nasal drip

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12
Q

What can a post nasal drip cause in chronic sinusitis?

A

Chronic cough

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13
Q

What does clear nasal discharge suggest?

A

Allergic reaction

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14
Q

What does purulent discharge suggest?

A

Secondary infection

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15
Q

What are red flag symptoms with chronic sinusitis?

A

Unilateral symptoms
Persistent symptoms despite compliance with 3 months of treatment
Epistaxis

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16
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Nose bleed

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17
Q

What area is usually affected in a nose bleed?

A

Little’s area

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18
Q

What is the presentation of epistaxis?

A

Unilateral nose bleeding

Vomiting blood-if swallowed

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19
Q

What are the primary causes of epistaxis?

A

Cold
Nose picking-digital trauma
Change in weather
Vigorous nose blowing

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20
Q

What are the secondary causes of epistaxis?

A

Antiplatelet-clopidogrel
Anticoagulant- warfarin
Alcohol
Haemophilia

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21
Q

What is the first line management of epistaxis?

A

Direct compression

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22
Q

What would you do secondary to direct compression for epistaxis?

A

Give naseptin

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23
Q

What is the second-line management of epistaxis?

A

Nasal cautery with silver nitrate

24
Q

What is the third line management of epistaxis?

A

Nasal packing

25
Q

When would you use nasal packing?

A

Can’t localise the site of bleeding

26
Q

What symptoms does an inorganic foreign body in the nose cause?

A

Asymptomatic until large enough to cause symptoms

27
Q

What symptoms does an organic foreign body in the nose cause?

A

Inflammation and secondary infection

28
Q

What is the presentation of an organic foreign body in the nose?

A

Nasal obstruction
Facial pain
Unilateral purulent foul smelling discharge

29
Q

What is very dangerous to have stuck in your nose?

A

Button battery

30
Q

What can a button battery cause?

A

Necrosis of nasal septum within 4 hours

31
Q

What is the presentation of a button battery in the nose?

A

Black discharge
Epistaxis
Facial pain
fever

32
Q

What is a button battery in the nose classed as?

A

A medical emergency

33
Q

What can nasal trauma cause?

A

Deviation of nasal dorsum

Coalminer dislocation

34
Q

What is the immediate management of nasal trauma?

A

Ice and analgesia

35
Q

What would you do in 5-7 days after nasal trauma?

A

Reduce the fracture when the swelling has gone down

36
Q

What would you do months after the nasal trauma?

A

Rhinoplasty

37
Q

What is a complication of nasal trauma?

A

Septal haematoma

38
Q

What is a septal haematoma?

A

Collection of blood between the mucoperichondrial and septum

39
Q

What is the management of a septal haematoma?

A

Surgical drainage

IV antibiotics

40
Q

Why would you refer someone with unilateral nasal polyps to ENT?

A

Unilateral symptoms are a red flag

41
Q

What is Samter’s triad?

A

Asthma
Aspirin sensitivity
Nasal polyposis

42
Q

What are nasal polyps also associated with?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

Churg-Strauss syndrome

43
Q

What is the presentation of nasal polyps?

A

Nasal obstruction
Rhinorrhoea, sneezing
Poor sense of taste and smell

44
Q

How are nasal polyps diagnosed?

A

Referral to ENT for full examination

45
Q

What is the management for nasal polyps?

A

Topical corticosteroids

46
Q

What is allergic rhinitis?

A

Inflammatory disorder where the nose become sensitized to allergens

47
Q

What allergens can the nose become sensitised to in allergic rhinitis?

A

House dust mites

Grass, tree and weed pollen

48
Q

What mediated response is there in allergic rhinitis?

A

IgE mediated response

49
Q

What is the presentation of allergic rhinitis?

A 
Sneezing 
Bilateral nasal discharge 
Post-nasal drip
Nasal pruritus 
Clear nasal discharge
50
Q

Why do you get clear nasal discharge in allergic rhinitis?

A

Because it is an allergic reaction

51
Q

What eye symptom can you get with allergic rhinitis?

A

Allergic conjunctivitis

red, puffy, watering eyes

52
Q

What is the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis?

A

History and examination

53
Q

What is the gold standard for allergic rhinitis?

A

Nasal allergen challenge

not normally done

54
Q

What is the management of allergic rhinitis?

A

Allergen avoidance

55
Q

What would you give for mild to moderate allergic rhinitis?

A

Oral or intranasal antihistamines

56
Q

What would you give for moderate to severe allergic rhinitis?

A

Intranasal steroids

ENT (29 decks)

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