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B1- Core science > Normal ranges > Flashcards

Normal ranges Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal blood pressure?

A

For an adult aged 19-65:
- Systolic (90-120mmHg).
- Diastolic (60-80mmHg).

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2
Q

What does the systolic measure?

A

The pressure in your arteries.

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3
Q

What does the diastolic measure?

A

The pressure in your arteries when your heart rests.

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4
Q

What can affect blood pressure?

A
  • A lot of salt can make it high.
  • Regular Physical activity can make it low.
  • Stress can make it high.
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5
Q

What is the normal heart rate?

A

60-100 bpm.

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6
Q

How is heart rate measured?

A

This is measured electronically on a pulse oximeter or manually by resting a finger on the inside of the wrist of the side of the neck.

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7
Q

What can affect the heart rate?

A
  • Stress can cause it to rise due to the release of adrenaline.
  • Exercise as your muscles become stronger when you exercise regularly, as it will improve the circulation therefore lowering the heart rate.
  • A fatty diet will cause cholesterol to build up, increasing your heart rate.
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8
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate?

A
  • At rest, 12-20 breaths per minute.
  • When exercising. 40-60 breaths per minute.
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9
Q

How do you measure respiratory rate?

A

Watch as the chest and or shoulders fall and rise for a minute, counting each breath.

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10
Q

What can affect respiratory rate?

A
  • An overdose on painkillers can lower it as they depress the breathing drive in the brain.
  • Sleep apnea can lower it as your throat tissue relaxes, blocking the airways.
  • Anxiety can increase it as you tend to breathe faster when anxious.
  • A fever will increase it as you breathe more to get rid of heat.
  • Dehydration as your body breathes more to get energy to your cells.
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11
Q

What is the normal body temperature?

A

36 - 37.5 Degrees Celsius.

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12
Q

How do you take body temperature?

A

With a thermometer.

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13
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

When your body temp is lower than 35.

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14
Q

What is hyperpyrexia?

A

A fever higher than 41.

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15
Q

What affects body temperature?

A
  • Time of day (Lowest early in the day and at its peak in the late afternoon due to metabolic activity, which is low when you sleep).
  • Stress (Increases due to cortisol and adrenaline as adrenaline increases the heat production of the liver).
  • Gender (Higher in women).
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16
Q

What is capillary refill?

A

This is a way to monitor blood circulation to extremities.

17
Q

How do you check capillary refill?

A

Hold the fingertip and press down for 5 seconds. Release, and count how long it takes for the fingers full colouring to come back.

This can also be done on the torso.

18
Q

What is the normal capillary refill?

A
  • It should take up to 3 seconds.
  • 4-5 seconds is concerning.
19
Q

What does a long capillary refill indicate?

A

An infection, but also possibly a cold.

20
Q

What is a NEWS chart?

A

This is a chart containing sections to record a pupils observations, to monitor their condition.

20
Q

Why were NEWS charts implemented?

A

To improve the detection and response to clinical deterioration to improve patient safety and outcomes.

21
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries

22
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Your heart rate is the number of times your heart beats each minute.

23
Q

What is urinary output?

A

How much urine you produce over a specific period of time.

24
Q

What is oliguria?

A

Low urine output.

25
Q

What is anuria?

A

No urine output.

26
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Excessive urine output.

27
Q

What is the normal urinary output over 24 hours?

A

800-2000ml

28
Q

How do you measure urinary output?

A

Vol of urine produced
——————————
No. hours the bag/chamber
has been on

29
Q

What is oxygen saturation?

A

It measures how much hemoglobin is currently bound to oxygen compared to how much hemoglobin remains unbound.

30
Q

What is the normal oxygen saturation?

A

95% - 100%

31
Q

How do you measure oxygen saturation?

A

With a pulse oximeter.

32
Q

What is a normal blood sugar level?

A
  • 4-7 mmol/l before meals
  • below 9mmol/l when tested 2 hours after meals
33
Q

How do you test blood sugar levels?

A

You prick your fingertip with a small needle called a lancet to produce a blood drop. You then place the drop against the test strip in the glucose meter, and the meter shows your blood sugar level within seconds.

34
Q

What is a blood sugar level?

A

The measure of glucose concentration in the the blood.

B1- Core science (20 decks)

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