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B1- Core science (T-level Nursing) > Cells & microscopes > Flashcards

Cells & microscopes Flashcards

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1
Q

How would you tell an animal cell and a plant cell apart?

A

(The shape and contents)
• A plant cell is squarish with a cell wall and membrane.
• An animal cell is oval with only a cell membrane.

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2
Q

What are some types of eukaryotic cells and how do you identify them?

A

• Animal cell- Mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, membrane and they’re CIRCULAR.
• Plant cell- Mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall, membrane, vacuole, chloroplasts and they’re SQUARISH.
• Fungi cell- Mitochondria and hyphae.
• Protist cell- Vacuole and chloroplasts.

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3
Q

What is cell theory?

A

• All living things made of one or more cells.
• The most basic unit of structure and they function in all living things.
• They are created by pre-existing cells.

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4
Q

What are the key features of a eukaryotic cell?

A

• A cell which holds its genetic material in its nucleus.
• Membrane bound organelles.
• Larger and more structurally organised.
• Specialised functions.
• They’re multicellular or single celled organisms.

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5
Q

What are the key features of a prokaryotic cell?

A

• They’re single celled organisms.
• They have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles and therefor hold their genetic material in the cytoplasm.
• Smaller and simpler structure.
• Carry out essential functions like reproduction and response to stimuli.

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6
Q

What are some types of prokaryotic cells and how do you identify them?

A

• Bacterial cell- Pilli, chromosome, plasmids, cytoplasm and an OVAL shape.
• Archaea cell- Flagella and plasmid membrane.

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7
Q

Explain the structure and function of the nucleus.

A

The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell.

• Nuclear envelope- This separates the chromosomes from the cells cytoplasm and contents. It has nuclear pores.
• Nuclear pores- These permit selective passage of certain materials.
• Nucleoplasm- A gelatinous substance (water with dissolved salts, enzymes and organic molecules) which cushions and protects the nuclear contents. The DNA is in the form of chromatin.
• Nucleolus- Holds RNA while building and distributing ribosomes.
• Chromatin- A mix of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes.

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8
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

They release ATP in aerobic respiration.

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9
Q

What is the role of the vacuole?

A

They handle waste products by taking them in and out of the cell.

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10
Q

What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

This contains ribosomes, so proteins are synthesised and packaged for transport here.

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11
Q

What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

These are made from cisterna structures and synthesises and absorbs lipids.

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12
Q

What is the role of the golgi apparatus?

A

This packaged proteins for transport with the rough ER.

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13
Q

What is the role of the cytoplasm?

A

This is a gelatinous substance that protects the cell contents. It is made up of water with dissolved salts, enzymes and organic molecules.

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14
Q

What is the role of the centrioles?

A

They release spindle fibres which drag chromosomes apart in mitosis and meiosis.

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15
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

They are large in eukaryotes and small in prokaryotes. They synthesise proteins.

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16
Q

What is the role of microtubules?

A

They’re involved in mitosis, cell mobility, intercellular transport and maintenance of cell shape.

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17
Q

What is the role of the lysosomes?

A

They digest and break down worn out or old cell parts, as well as digesting invading microbes.

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18
Q

What is the role of the cell wall?

A

It provides structural strength and support.

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19
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane?

A

It surrounds and encloses the cell contents. It is also a barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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20
Q

What is the role of the phospholipids in the cell membrane?

A

They allow substances in and out of the cell, prevent the cytoplasm from leaving the cell and are flexible and self sealing.

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21
Q

What is the role of the extrinsic protein in the cell membrane?

A

They support the cell membrane and act as receptors.

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22
Q

What is the role of the intrinsic protein in the cell membrane?

A

These act as protein channels and or carrier proteins to transport molecules in and out of the cell.

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23
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

It pulls phospholipids apart and together.

24
Q

What is the role of a glycoprotein in the cell membrane?

A

This is a protein with a polysaccharide chain extending outwards. It is included in cell signalling, cell recognition and adhesion.

25
Q

What is the role of an ion channel?

A

They allow water soluble molecules and ions through a cell.

26
Q

What are cell receptors?

A

Binding sights for hormones and antigens.

27
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

An arrangement of molecules from the top views. An example of this is the top view of a cell membrane.

28
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

These are cells that have differentiated from standard stem cells and therefor cant undifferentiate.

29
Q

What are stem cells?

A

These are undifferentiated cells found in embryos and bone marrow. Stem cells can differentiate during embryonic development and are control by chemicals and hormones.

30
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

Stem cells found in embryos with the ability to divide into any type of body cell.

31
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Stem cells found in the bone marrow of adults which have the ability to divide into body cells, but not all.

32
Q

What are the features of an erythrocyte?

A

This is a red blood cell.
It’s has a side view of 2.5 micrometers and a top view of 7.5 micrometers.
They have no nucleus and outnumber white blood cells.
They contain plasma membranes to allow the transport of salts and nutrients and protein spectrum.

33
Q

What are the roles of an erythrocyte?

A

They carry oxygen around the body in haemoglobin.
They contribute to blood viscosity.

34
Q

What are the features of a squamous epithelial cell?

A

They are a single thin layer of flattened cells with irregular boundaries. They line the walls of blood vessels and the air sacs of the lungs.

35
Q

What are the roles of a squamous epithelial cell?

A

They protect the body against microorganisms by stopping them from invading the underlying tissue and provide protection against water loss.

They’re also involved in osmosis and diffusion as they form a membrane allowing the selective diffusion of materials.

36
Q

What are the features of an ova cell?

A

These are an eggs cell, they have a nucleus containing genetic material, layers of jelly and cytoplasm containing yolk.

37
Q

What are the roles of an ova cell?

A

It holds the genetic material of the mother and within the cytoplasm there is yolk which acts as a food source for the developing embryo.

38
Q

What are the roles of a neuron cell?

A

They are information passengers. They use electrical signals to send information between areas of the brain, between the brain and spinal cord and then the body.

39
Q

What are the features of a sperm cell?

A

The tail helps the sperm to travel to the egg.
The nucleus in the head will fertilise the egg.
The sperm is packed with mitochondria for energy to reach the egg.
The acrosome has hydrolytic enzymes which are secreted to help the sperm penetrate the eggs coat.

40
Q

What are the roles of a sperm cell?

A

They fertilise the egg cell and pass on genetic information.

41
Q

What are the features of a striated muscle cell?

A

These are filaments of protein. They contain well developed mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction.

42
Q

What are the roles of a striated muscle cell?

A

The filaments of protein will slide over eachother to cause muscle contraction.

43
Q

What is a microscope?

A

A piece of equipment which allows you to see something that can’t be seen via the human eye.

44
Q

What is magnification?

A

The number of times bigger an image appears in relation to its actual size.

45
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between objects that are close together.

46
Q

What is focus?

A

Making an image appear clearer, through focus wheel adjustments.

47
Q

What is image size?

A

The size of an image after magnification.

48
Q

What is actual size?

A

The size of an object in real life.

49
Q

How do you calculate image size, actual size and magnification?

A

The ‘I AM’ triangle.

        I
     A  M
50
Q

What rules should you follow when converting units in questions?

A

Always convert the question to the same unit and the answer to the smallest unit.

51
Q

What is μm?

A

Micrometers.
1000μm = 1mm

52
Q

What is nm?

A

Nanometres.
This is smaller than a micrometer (μm).
1000nm = 1μm

53
Q

How would you convert mm to μm?

A

x1000

54
Q

How would you convert μm to nm?

A

x1000

55
Q

How would you convert nm to mm?

A

divide by 1million.

56
Q

How would you convert cm to mm?

A

x10

B1- Core science (T-level Nursing) (20 decks)

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