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B1- Core science (T-level Nursing) > DNA/RNA > Flashcards

DNA/RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA and what does it do ?

A

‘Deoxyribonucleic acid’.

It stores, replicates and passes on genetic information.

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2
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

It is a double stranded helix.

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3
Q

What components make up a DNA nucleotide?

A
  • Pentose sugar
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogen base
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4
Q

What are the 4 DNA bases?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
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5
Q

What is RNA?

A

‘Ribonuceic acid’.

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6
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

It is single stranded.

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7
Q

What are the 4 bases of RNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Uracil
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
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8
Q

What is the difference between RNA and DNA?

A
  • DNA forms a helix and RNA does not.
  • RNA is shorter than DNA.
  • RNA has a uracil base while DNA does not.
  • DNA has a thymine base while RNA does not.
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9
Q

What does a nucleotide look like?

A

[Phosphate] [Nitrogenous base]
\ /
[Sugar]

  • A phosphate is represented as a circle, containing a P.
    _ A sugar and nitrogenous base are represented as pentagons.
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10
Q

What do nucleotides make?

A

It is the basic building block of a nucleic acid.

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11
Q

What do nucleic acids make?

A

They are monomers of DNA.

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12
Q

How do you join nucleic acids?

A

Through a condensation reaction, when a water molecule is lost.

A phosphodiester bond forms between a phosphate group one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group on the next.

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13
Q

Identify this base and its structure.

            NH2
               |
               C
            //   \
          N      C --- N 
          |      ||         \\
          |      ||           C --- H
          |      ||          /
          C       C --- N
         /  \\    /       |
       H      N         H
A
  • Adenine.
  • Double ring structure.
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14
Q

Identify this base and its structure.

               O
              ||
      H      C
        \    /   \
          N      C --- N 
          |      ||         \\
          |      ||           C --- H
          |      ||          /
          C       C --- N
         /  \\    /       |
  H2N      N         H
A
  • Guanine.
  • Double ring structure.
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15
Q

Identify this base and its structure.

            NH2
               |
               C
            //   \
          N      C --- H 
          |      ||         
          |      ||           
          |      ||          
          C       C --- H
       //   \     /       
     O       N         
               |
               H
A
  • Cytosine.
  • Pyrimidine structure.
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16
Q

Identify this base and its structure.

               O 
              ||
               C
            /     \    H  ---  N      C --- CH2 
          |      ||         
          |      ||           
          |      ||          
          C       C --- H
       //   \     /       
     O       N         
               |
               H
A
  • Thymine.
  • Pyrimidine structure.
17
Q

Identify this base and its structure.

               O
              ||
               C
            /     \
 H --- N       C  
          |      ||         
          |      ||           
          |      ||          
          C       C --- H
       //   \     /       
     O       N         
               |
               H
A
  • Uracil.
  • Pyrimidine structure.
18
Q

How do complementary bonds and hydrogen bonds form between bases?

A
  • The sugar phosphate backbone forms rings of DNA ladders.
  • Base pairs of opposite strands form complementary base pairs.
  • Hydrogen bonds then form between the base pairs. Two hydrogen bonds form between thymine and adenine and three form between cytosine and guanine.
19
Q

What do bases form?

A

Bases form nucleic acids which form DNA and RNA.

20
Q

What base does thymine bind with?

A

Thymine binds with adenine in DNA.

21
Q

What bases does adenine bind with?

A
  • Adenine binds with thymine in DNA.
  • Adenine binds with Uracil in RNA.
22
Q

What base does Guanine bind with?

A

Guanine binds with cytosine.

23
Q

What are the base pairs?

A

T - A
G - C
U - A
A - T
C - G
A - U

24
Q

What is DNA transcription?

A

Converting DNA to RNA so the ribosomes can translate the RNA code into a protein.

25
Q

Explain the process of DNA transcription?

A
  • The DNA in the nucleus is unwound, breaking the weak hydrogen bonds, causing the two DNA strands to separate. The helix is now open.
  • The free RNA nucleotides in the nucleoplasm find their complimentary base pairs on the DNA.
  • RNA polymerase then catalyses the formation of strong chemical bonds between the ribose sugar and phosphate group of the adjoining RNA nucleotides.
  • A MRNA molecule is then formed. This leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores, to the ribosomes.
  • Hydrogen bonds between the complimentary bases of DNA reform and the DNA wounds back into a helix form.
26
Q

What is DNA translation?

A

The ribosomes make proteins as they read the RNA code. They read it 3 at a time and the TRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes.

27
Q

What is TRNA?

A

Transfer RNA.

28
Q

What is MRNA?

A

Messenger RNA.

29
Q

Explain the process of DNA translation.

A
  • The MRNA from the nuclear pores goes to the ribosomes.
  • The MRNA and ribosomes then bind.
  • They then build a protein by adding one amino acid at a time.
  • The TRNA carries amino acids for the codon in ribosomes by bonding to the amino end of TRNA.
  • The ribosomes nuild an amino acid chain.
  • The first molecule then detaches and repeats this process.
  • Now a complete chain of amino acids has been formed.
  • The chain then folds up on itself to form a protein.
30
Q

Does DNA transcription or translation come first?

A

Transcription takes place before translation.

31
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of DNA bases which codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

B1- Core science (T-level Nursing) (20 decks)

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