Normal developmental milestones Flashcards
normal varus and valgus
every baby is born with genu varus by age 3 this becomes 15 degrees genu valgus and by 7-8 it becomes physiological genu valgus which is about 6 degrees
how do bones grow
longitudinally by the process of endochondral ossification
factors affecting growth of bone
- vitamin D
- nutrition
- trauma
- growth hormone
- illness can cause temporary bone growth arrest
pathological genu varus or valium is considered if
it is 6 degrees more of less from the mean value, is painful or is unilateral
causes of pathological genu varus
skeletal dysplasia, rickets, tumour, blunts disease, trauma
genu varum known as
bow legs
genu valgum known as
knocked knees
persistent genu varum is at risk of
early onset medial compartment osteoarthritis
what is blounts disease
idiopathic growth arrest of the medial tibial physis which causes unilateral genu varum and a classical beak like protrusion on x-ray
pathological causes of genu valgum
rickets, tumours, neurofibromatosis, trauma
monitoring of pathological genu varum and valgum
charted and monitored to see if they improve with age if not they may need an osteotomy
in-toeing
child who walks with feet pointing towards midline
in-toeing children commonly
trip over their own feet
causes of in-toeing
femoral neck anteversion, internal tibial torsion, forfoot adduction
femoral neck anteversion
femoral neck lies abnormally anterior in relation to the femoral condyles causing increased internal rotation of the hip, patients tend to sit in w position, of no consequence but can predispose to patello-femoral dislocation
