Normal development and delay Flashcards
what is the median age a child reaches a developmental milestone
when 50% of the population their age have achieved that skill
what is the limit age when referring to developmental milestones
when 97.5% of the population have achieved that skill - after this it is considered delayed
what are the 4 main areas for developmental milestones
gross motor (GM), fine motor and vision (FMV), language and hearing (LH) and social behaviour and play (SBP)
what are considered the 5 primitive reflexes babies are born with
sucking and rooting/ palmar and plantar grasp/ ATNR/ Moro/ stepping and placing
what is the ATNR designed to do
atonic neck reflex - stops babies falling off of surfaces when sleeping, disappears at 4 months
what developmental milestones should be reached in the first 6 weeks of life
head control in vertical (GM), follows torch with eyes (FMV), social smile (SBP)
what developmental milestones should be reached in the first 3 months of life
head control - no lag to sit (GM), hands in midline (FMV), vocalises (HL), pleasure on friendly handling (SBP)
what developmental milestones should be reached in the first 6 months of life
sitting balance (GM), grasps toys and transfers between hands (FMV), babbles (HL), plays with feet/ strangers (SBP)
what developmental milestones should be reached in the first 9 months of life
crawling and standing holding furniture (GM), pincer grasp, can pick up small objects (FMV), imitates sounds (HL), plays peek-a-boo (SBP)
what developmental milestones should be reached in the first 12 months of life
standing/ walking (GM), bangs toys together + throws them (FMV), knows name (HL), drinks from cup/ waves (SBP)
what developmental milestones should be reached in the first 18 months of life
runs (GM), tower of 3-4 bricks (FMV), 5-20 words and knows body parts (HL), feeds with spoon (SBP)
what developmental milestones should be reached in the first 2 years of life
stairs -2 feet (GM), block of 6-7 (FMV), simple instructions - 50+ words (HL), symbolic play - can out on some clothes (SBP)
what developmental milestones should be reached in the first 3 years of life
stairs alternative feet (GM), tower of 9 - can copy circle (FMV), complex instructions and asks questions (HL) pretend play and potty trained (SBP)
what developmental milestones should be reached in the first 4 years of life
hops (GM), draws simple man (FMV), can tell stories and count to 20 (HL), understands sharing and can get fully dressed (SBP)
what is abnormal development
failure to reach a developmental milestone for their age in one or more are
what patterns of abnormal development are there (4)
global delay (multiple areas)/ specific delay in 1 or 2 areas/ deviation from normal/ regression (loss of a skill)
what % of children have a mild learning disability and what does that mean
1-2% - IQ = 50-70
what % of children have a severe learning disability and what does that mean
0.3%-0.5% - IQ <50
what % of children have a specific learning disability and what does that mean
5-10% eg dyslexia
what are red flags for developmental delay
asymmetry of movement (eg just using one hand),/ not reaching for objects age 6/ unable to sit by 12 months/ unable to walk or talk by 18/ loss of skills
what is global delay and what term is used at school age
delay in 2 or more areas - becomes learning disability at school age
give some example of global developmental delays
down syndrome, autism
what specific motor delays are common
Duchennes dystrophy and cerebral palsy
how do you diagnose and identify duchennes
gower’s manoeuvre and CK enzyme levels
in cerebral palsy, what does hemiplegic, paraplegic and quadriplegic mean
hemi = one side of body/ para = legs only/ quad = all limbs
what is considered the autistic triad
communication/ social interactions/ inflexibility and imagination
what are some autistic traits
restricted, repetitive behaviours, sensory difficulties (noise, texture), social interactions eg turn taking, social cues, empathy, trouble understanding others emotions
what investigations can be done for developmental delay
genetics: chromosomes, fragile X, NGS / bloods: neonatal PKU, thyroid studies, CK/ if indicated: MRI, ECG, metabolic studies
