normal and abnormal child development Flashcards
what are the time frames for gross motor development?
Head control 3 months
Sitting balance 6 months
Crawling 9 months
Standing 12 months
Runs 18 months
Stairs – 2 feet/tread 24 months
Stairs – alternate feet 36 months
Hops 48 months
what are the primitive reflexes?
sucking and rooting
palmar and plantar grasp
moro
ATNR - asymmetric tonic neck reflex
stepping and placing
what are the time frames for fine motor and vision?
Hand regard in midline 3 months
Grasps toy - palmar 6 months
Scissor grasp 9 months
Pincer grasp 12 months
Tower of 3-4 bricks 18 months
Tower of 6-7/scribble 24 months
Tower of 9 bricks/copies circle 36 months
Draws simple man 48 months
when should a child develop a hand preference?
18-24 months - choosing earlier could be a sign of cerebral palsy
what are the time frames for hearing and language?
Vocalises 3 months
Babbles 6 months
Imitates sounds 9 months
Knows name 12 months
2 body parts/5-20 words 18 months
Simple instructions/50+ words 24 months
Complex instructions/asks qs 36 months
Can tell stories of experiences 48 months
what are the time frames for social behaviour and play?
Social smile 6 weeks
Pleasure on friendly handling 3 months
Plays with feet/friendly with strangers 6 months
Plays peek-a-boo/stranger awareness 9 months
Drinks from cup/waves bye-bye 12 months
Feeds with spoon 18 months
Symbolic play/puts on some clothes 24 months
Pretend interactive play/toilet-trained36 months
Understands turn-taking/dresses fully48 months
what are the 3 patterns of abnormal development?
delay (global or specific)- e.g. down’s syndrome deviation e.g. ASD
regression e.g. rett’s syndrome
how are intellectual disabilities classed?
mild - IQ 50-70
moderate - IQ 35-50
severe - IQ 20-40
profound - IQ <20
what are the red flags for development?
asymmetry of movement
not reaching for objects / primitive reflexes persisting after 6 months
unable to sit unsupported by 12 months
unable to walk by 18 months - check CK for duchenne’s
no speech or pointing by 18 months
concerns via hearing o sight at any age
loss of skills at any age
what medical screening do you do in down’s syndrome?
cardiac
vision
hearing
thyroid function
sleep-related breathing disorders
growth –> charts
development
describe duchenne muscular dystrophy
x-linked recessive- females more mildly affected
easily damaged muscles- wheelchair bound by age 11
also have cardiomyopathy and respiratory failure
what is the diagnosis & management of DMD?
CK, genetic test
treatment- physio & equipment, steroids, orthopaedic surgery, cardiac Rx, ventilation support
describe spinal muscular atrophy
autosomal recessive
degeneration of motor neurones, progressive weakness/ bulbar and intercostal weakness
4 types causing a spectrum of severity, type 1 least symptoms type 4 most
what is the diagnosis and treatment of spinal muscular atrophy?
genetic testing after clinical suspicion for SMN1&2
physio & equipment
orthopaedic
nutrition & GI support
resp support
palliative care
drugs- IT nusinersen, IV zolgensma
what are the conditions associated with cerebral palsy?
Mobility problems, spasticity and orthopaedic problems
Learning difficulties
Epilepsy
Visual/Hearing impairment
Communication difficulties
Feeding difficulties
Sleep problems
Behaviour problems
