Non-Species Specific

Question 1

Tumor: Epithelial origin and malignant

Answer 1

Carcinoma

Question 2

Tumor: Epithelial origin and malignant glandular origin

Answer 2

Adenocarcinoma

Question 3

Tumor: Epithelial origin and benign

Answer 3

Adenoma

Question 4

Epithelial tumor cytology

Answer 4

Sheets and clusters, round nuclei, polygonal shapes

Question 5

Tumor: mesenchymal origin and malignant

Answer 5

Sarcoma

Question 6

Tumor: mesenchymal origin and benign

Answer 6

-oma

Question 7

Mesenchymal tumor cytology

Answer 7

Spindle shaped cells, elongated/oval nuclei, streaming cytoplasm, indistinct borders, poorly exfoliative (not lot of cells on FNA)

Question 8

Round cell tumors cytology

Answer 8

Exfoliates easily, distinct/individual round cells, round nuclei

Question 9

Cellular features of malignancy

Answer 9

Anisokaryosis (variable nuclear size), anisocytosis (variable cell size), increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, large multiple irregular nuclei, clumped chromatin

Sometimes: abnormal mitoses, nuclear molding, cellular crowding

Question 10

Cancer grading meaning

Answer 10

Degree of malignancy of a tumor to predict biologic behavior –> can only be done by histopathology

Question 11

Cancer grading criteria

Answer 11

Mitotic index, percent necrosis, invasiveness, stromal reaction, nucleolar size, overall cellularity, inflammatory response

Question 12

Cancer staging

Answer 12

The extend of spread of cancer

Takes into account tumor size, infiltration into surrounding tissues and organs, regional lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis

Question 13

CN I

Answer 13

Olfactory nerve

Question 14

CN II

Answer 14

Optic nerve - carries visual signals from retina to occipital nerve in brain

Question 15

Cotton ball test

Answer 15

CN II only

Question 16

Menace test

Answer 16

CN II and CN VII

Question 17

PLR test

Answer 17

CN II and CN III

Question 18

CN III

Answer 18

Oculomotor nerve - motor for dorsal, ventral, medial rectus muscle of eye and for pupil constriction

Question 19

CN IV

Answer 19

Trochlear nerve - motor to dorsal oblique extraocular muscle and rolls globe medially

Look for dorsolateral rotation of pupil

Question 20

CN V

Answer 20

Trigeminal nerve - motor to muscles of mastication (masseter, temporal), sensory to eyelids, cornea, tongue, nasal mucosa, mouth

Question 21

Palpebral response

Answer 21

CN V and CN VII

Question 22

Snarl response (pinch lip)

Answer 22

CN V and CN VII

Question 23

CN VI

Answer 23

Abducens - motor to lateral rectus and retractor bulbi muscle

Observe for medial strabismus

Question 24

Touch globe and observe retraction test

Answer 24

CN V and CN VI

Question 25

Cranial nerves responsible for physiologic nystagmus when turning head

Answer 25

CN III, IV, VI, VIII

Question 26

CN VII

Answer 26

Facial nerve - motor to muscles of facial expression (eyelids, ears, lips), sensory to medial pinna, taste of rostral tongue, parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal glands and some salivary glands

Question 27

CN VIII

Answer 27

Vestibulocochlear nerve - sensory input for hearing and head position

Question 28

CN IX

Answer 28

Glossopharyngeal nerve - motor and sensory to pharynx for swallowing, innervates some salivary glands, and taste to caudal tongue

Question 29

Gag reflex

Answer 29

CN IX and X

Question 30

CN X

Answer 30

Vagus nerve - innervates larynx, esophagus pharynx; parasympathetic innervation to heart and viscera

Question 31

Cranial nerve associated with megaesophagus and regurgitation

Answer 31

CN X

Question 32

Cranial nerve associated with laryngeal paralysis

Answer 32

CN X

Question 33

CN XII

Answer 33

Hypoglossal nerve - motor to tongue

Question 33

CN XI

Answer 33

Spinal accessory nerve - innervate cranial cervical muscles

Question 34

Idiopathic facial nerve paralysis

Answer 34

CN VII not working - acute onset of inability to blink, lip/ear/eyelid droop. drooling from one side of mouth, dry eye

Facial sensation normal

Treatment: tear supplementation, immunosuppressive dose of glucocorticoids, thyroid supplementation (if concurrent hypothyroidism)

Fair prognosis - complete recovery may not occur but can live with deficits and supplements

Question 35

Vitamin K dependent clotting factors

Answer 35

Factors 2, 7, 9, 10

Question 36

What is the holding layer of hollow viscera?

Answer 36

Submucosa

Question 37

Epinephrine causes

Answer 37

Increase in total peripheral resistance, bronchodilation, increase in cardiac contractility