Non-Species Specific Flashcards
Tumor: Epithelial origin and malignant
Carcinoma
Tumor: Epithelial origin and malignant glandular origin
Adenocarcinoma
Tumor: Epithelial origin and benign
Adenoma
Epithelial tumor cytology
Sheets and clusters, round nuclei, polygonal shapes
Tumor: mesenchymal origin and malignant
Sarcoma
Tumor: mesenchymal origin and benign
-oma
Mesenchymal tumor cytology
Spindle shaped cells, elongated/oval nuclei, streaming cytoplasm, indistinct borders, poorly exfoliative (not lot of cells on FNA)
Round cell tumors cytology
Exfoliates easily, distinct/individual round cells, round nuclei
Cellular features of malignancy
Anisokaryosis (variable nuclear size), anisocytosis (variable cell size), increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, large multiple irregular nuclei, clumped chromatin
Sometimes: abnormal mitoses, nuclear molding, cellular crowding
Cancer grading meaning
Degree of malignancy of a tumor to predict biologic behavior –> can only be done by histopathology
Cancer grading criteria
Mitotic index, percent necrosis, invasiveness, stromal reaction, nucleolar size, overall cellularity, inflammatory response
Cancer staging
The extend of spread of cancer
Takes into account tumor size, infiltration into surrounding tissues and organs, regional lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis
CN I
Olfactory nerve
CN II
Optic nerve - carries visual signals from retina to occipital nerve in brain
Cotton ball test
CN II only
Menace test
CN II and CN VII
PLR test
CN II and CN III
CN III
Oculomotor nerve - motor for dorsal, ventral, medial rectus muscle of eye and for pupil constriction
CN IV
Trochlear nerve - motor to dorsal oblique extraocular muscle and rolls globe medially
Look for dorsolateral rotation of pupil
CN V
Trigeminal nerve - motor to muscles of mastication (masseter, temporal), sensory to eyelids, cornea, tongue, nasal mucosa, mouth
Palpebral response
CN V and CN VII
Snarl response (pinch lip)
CN V and CN VII
CN VI
Abducens - motor to lateral rectus and retractor bulbi muscle
Observe for medial strabismus
Touch globe and observe retraction test
CN V and CN VI
Cranial nerves responsible for physiologic nystagmus when turning head
CN III, IV, VI, VIII
CN VII
Facial nerve - motor to muscles of facial expression (eyelids, ears, lips), sensory to medial pinna, taste of rostral tongue, parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal glands and some salivary glands
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear nerve - sensory input for hearing and head position
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal nerve - motor and sensory to pharynx for swallowing, innervates some salivary glands, and taste to caudal tongue
Gag reflex
CN IX and X
CN X
Vagus nerve - innervates larynx, esophagus pharynx; parasympathetic innervation to heart and viscera
Cranial nerve associated with megaesophagus and regurgitation
CN X
Cranial nerve associated with laryngeal paralysis
CN X
CN XII
Hypoglossal nerve - motor to tongue
CN XI
Spinal accessory nerve - innervate cranial cervical muscles
Idiopathic facial nerve paralysis
CN VII not working - acute onset of inability to blink, lip/ear/eyelid droop. drooling from one side of mouth, dry eye
Facial sensation normal
Treatment: tear supplementation, immunosuppressive dose of glucocorticoids, thyroid supplementation (if concurrent hypothyroidism)
Fair prognosis - complete recovery may not occur but can live with deficits and supplements
Vitamin K dependent clotting factors
Factors 2, 7, 9, 10
What is the holding layer of hollow viscera?
Submucosa
Epinephrine causes
Increase in total peripheral resistance, bronchodilation, increase in cardiac contractility
