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NAVLE Flashcards > All Species > Flashcards

All Species Flashcards

1
Q

Blackleg agent

A

Clostridium chauvoei

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1
Q

Blackleg description

A

Bacteria in anaerobic environment in the muscle –> bruised or damaged muscle tissue

Can be due to wound or ingestion of spores and deposit in muscle

Can have crepitus on palpation, die acutely, lameness, fever, anorexia

On post-mortem, have black and necrotic muscle with gas bubbles –> foul, sweet odor

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2
Q

Redwater disease agent

A

Clostridium haemolyticum
Bacillary hemoglobinuria

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3
Q

Redwater disease

A

Endospores ingested and deposit in liver –> have liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) –> damage from fluke create anaerobic environment –> bacteria proliferate –> release toxin that targets RBC

Clinical signs: hemoglobinuria, red water (red urine and water blood), anemia, icterus, labored breathing, dehydration, fever

Cattle and sheep
Can see large necrotic area on necropsy

Treat with penicillin and oxytetracycline, antitoxin serum

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4
Q

Common things with Clostridium

A

Gram positive, anaerobes

Often treat with penicillin

Often vaccine preventable

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5
Q

Black disease agent

A

Clostridium novyi type B
Infectious Necrotic Hepatits

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6
Q

Black disease description

A

Endospores ingested –> go into liver –> get liver fluke –> damage liver and cause bacteria to grow –> toxin targets liver –> severe liver damage and some RBC destruction

Mainly sheep (acute death), some cattle with high grain (mainly lethargic)

Liver appears gray to black with a foul smell

No treatment bc acute
Prevent with 7-way vaccine

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7
Q

Tetanus agent

A

Clostridium tetani

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8
Q

Tetanus description

A

Horses and pigs most susceptible

Get spores from puncture wounds, castration sites, banding, dehorning

Clinical signs: sawhorse stance, lock jaw, difficulty chewing food, stiff tail, prolapsed eyelid, flared nostrils, muscle tremors/spasms, sensitivity to noise and movement

Treat with tetanus antitoxin, penicillin, supportive care

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9
Q

Botulism agent

A

Clostridium botulinum

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10
Q

Botulism description

A

Get from contaminated feed (pre-formed toxin in there) in spoiled silage or feed with dead animals in it

Foals can get toxicoinfectious form –> ingest bacteria and form toxin in their GI tract –> Shaker Foal syndrome

Clinical signs: ascending paralysis; start with muscle tremors and fasciculations and end with respiratory paralysis and death; dilated pupil, ptosis (dropped eyelid), weak tongue

Not many effective treatment

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11
Q

Overeating Disease agent

A

Clostridium perfringens type D
Pulpy kidney disease

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12
Q

Malignant Edema agent

A

Any Clostridia in 7-way vaccine
Bighead in sheep is from Clostridium novyi type A

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13
Q

Malignant Edema description

A

Cattle, sheep, goat, horse

Open wound gets infected with bacteria –> injury, castration, difficult parturition, fighting

Clinical signs: localized swelling and edema, depression, anorexia, high fever, can lead to death in 24-48 hrs if not treated

Necropsy: dark area with foul odor; swelling with no gas accumulation

Can prevent with 7-way vaccine, treat early with penicillin

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13
Q

Overeating Disease

A

Normal flora of GI tract –> lots of grain or fattening diet –> release of toxin

Clinical signs: decreased appetite, weakness, incoordination, diarrhea, nervous signs, death, glucosuria common

Can prevent with 7-way vaccine

Pulpy kidney disease in sheep –> from rapid carcass decomposition

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14
Q

Enterotoxemia agent

A

Clostridium perfringens type B, C, E

15
Q

Enterotoxemia description

A

Calves, lambs, piglets, foals less than 7 days old
Normal GI tract inhabitant with overgrows due to increased dietary intake

Clinical signs: weakness, abdominal distention, bloody diarrhea, convulsions; can be sudden death but often fatal once signs show

Necropsy: purple gut –> reddened sections of fluid filled small intestines

Treatment: can try fluids, electrolyte, antitoxin, antibiotics but often not successful

Prevent: herd vaccination; give antitoxin at birth, vaccinate dam twice

16
Q

Clostridium perfringens type A diseases

A

Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome (JHS); hemorrhagic bowel syndrome; hemorrhagic enteritis in adult cattle

Yellow lamb disease

Intestinal clostridiosis in horses

17
Q

Clostridium perfringens type A description

A

Cows with JHS: can be found acutely dead or have increased HR, normal to low temp, enlarged abdomen from ileus, digested/clotted blood in feces

Diagnosis: abdominal US to find increased SI diameter; hyperglycemia, low sodium/chlorine/potassium, high magnesium

NO VACCINE

Yellow lamb disease: show icterus, weakness, rapid death

Have hemolysis, anemia, hemoglobinuria, icterus, fever

18
Q

Giardia spp. description

A

Definitive host: dog and cats
Most common species: G. duodenalis in dog

Have assemblages

Clinical signs: diarrhea, colitis, weight loss, decreased appetite, asymptomatic

Fecal-oral transmission of a cyst

Diagnosis: direct smear with saline mount, fecal flotation with centrifugation (zinc sulfate), fecal ELISA, fecal PCR

Treatment: metronidazole, fenbendazole
Should re-test after treatment

No zoonotic from animals to human

19
Q

Coccidiosis in Small Animal

A

Cystoisopora spp. mainly affect dog and cat

Clinical signs: diarrhea, colitis; puppy/kitten can be life-threatening with weight loss, dehydration

Transmission: infective sporulated oocysts or transport host ingestion

Diagnosis: fecal flotation

Treatment: sulfadimethoxine (approved), ponazuril, TMS

Not zoonotic

20
Q

Feline Tritrichomonas Infection

A

Agent: Tritrichomonas blagburni (T. foetus)
Transmission: feco-oral

In cats, colon and cecum

Clinical signs: Chronic or intermittent diarrhea

Diagnostics: direct smear (can be confused with Giardia but this has jerky and random motions vs Giardia with falling leaf motion), PCR, culture

Treatment: Ronidazole; can have drug resistance and neuro side effects
Kittens can grow out of it

21
Q

Toxoplasma gondii in cats

A

Transmission: congenital from dam to offspring via placenta or mammary; acquired from infected tissue of IH or oocysts

Diagnosis: fecal flotation, serology like IFA or ELISA (get convalescent titers), PCR

Treatment: clindamycin (treatment of choice), TMS, pyrimethamine + sulfonamide

Zoonotic risk to humans cause it causes congenital defects

No clinical signs usually in cats unless immunocompromised

22
Q

Neospora caninum in dog

A

Definitive host is dog

Acquired transmission (ingest oocyst or infected cattle tissue), congenital (placenta transmission)

Clinical signs: young dogs (ascending paralysis); older dogs (neurologic, respiratory and/or dermatological signs)

Diagnosis: fecal flotation, serology like IFA/direct agglutination/ELISA (convalescent titers), PCR, cytologic or histologic exam

Treatment: clindamycin, TMS + pyrimethamine

23
Q
A

NAVLE Flashcards (15 decks)

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