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aquaculture > non-native_species > Flashcards

non-native_species Flashcards

1
Q

non-native, introduce, alien and invasive species.

- do these terms all have the same meaning?

A

no
introduced and non-native =same

alien/invasisve species =same

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2
Q

what are non-invaisv/alien species?

A

alien/invasisve species = species that become establish, spread beyond the inroduction place
- can reproduce them

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3
Q

wha are introduced/ non-native species?

A

introduced species that are farmed- cannot survive in naure

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4
Q

what does non-native mean?

A

living outside its native distributional range

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5
Q

how can non-native species affect the variety of species in a acommunity ?

A
  • increase the variety
    but native species may shrink
    –> esablishement of non native speces reduce GLOBAL diversity
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6
Q

name some alien psecies in norway

A
  • ladybird
  • garden lupin
  • pacific oyster
  • red king crab
  • pacific oyster
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7
Q

why should aquauculture use non-native species?

A
    • poor performance of available species (maybe due to climate change, changing conditions) –> pacific oyster instead of european oyster
    • new commercial opportunities –> atlantic slamon
    • proven production techniques –> nile tilapia
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8
Q

what are the top 4 non native species in aquaculture?

A
  1. pacific white shrimp (native : eastern pacific)
  2. nile tilapia (native in africa,; south egypt, central africa)
  3. atlantic salmon (naive in northern atlantic ocean)
  4. pacific oyster (= most globally produced oyster, very tolerant (native in pacific coast of asia )
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9
Q

in what continent is the percentage use of non-native species the highest?

A

south america

74% of the annual aquauculture prodction is non -native

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10
Q

in what continent is the percentage use of non-native species the lowest?

A

asia (excl. china)

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11
Q

why is china only on the 4t place of percentage non-native species aquaculture?

A

because they produce so much, and quite a lot of native species. BUT still so many non-native species.
- rank based on percentage !!!

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12
Q

south america:

  • what is latin america number 2 producer of the world?
  • what is the annual growth of AQC in the last 50 - years?
  • what other species are non-native but cultivated?
A

atlantic salmon

  • 21 % annual growth
  • tilapia, common carp, shrimps
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13
Q

non native aquauculture in china:

  • what is china the biggest producer of?
  • how has introducing non-native species helped the AQC in china?
A
  • biggest producer of turbot

- reduced disease problems –>non native = more restistant

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14
Q

europe:

- what non natiev species ahs been introduced mor than 2000 years ago?

A

common carp

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15
Q

australia:
- how much (percentage) is the AQC production is non-native species ?
- what species are non-native and cultivated?

A

43%

  • salmonids
  • pacific oyster
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16
Q

unintenioned release to the environment is a result of… ?

A
  • weather events

- accidents-operations

17
Q

what are the top species that create the most concerns?

A
  1. shrimp
  2. tilapia
  3. catfish, tuna, salmon
  4. trout and oyster
18
Q

habitat definition

A

no geographic place.

ecological area, which is made up of abiotic and biotic factors

19
Q

what are ecosystem engineers?

A

species that

  • change habitat structure
  • modifiy local environment
20
Q

waht are ecological consequences of introduced non native sp?

A
  • habitat modification
  • change in ecosystem functioning
  • extinction of native flora an fauna (less important)
  • disease transfer (gyrodacytlus slaris (plathelminthes) =parasite of japanses eel )
  • genetic impacts (hybridization) brreack down of genetic complexes –> loose their strains
21
Q

regions that have high levelof iendemic species are more or less vulnerable to introductions?

A

more

22
Q

what is change in ecosystem functioning?
-what is it linked with?

example?

A
  • linked with biodiversity
  • change in biodiversity and community structure
    example: tilapia escapes –>graze on macrophyte –> decline in native fishes
23
Q

what is habitat modifcation?

example?

A

change of ecosystem- complex
- non-native species modifies the habitat-making it better for the themselves

example: pacific oyster removed possibillity to native oyster by making oyster reefs, which are highly adapted to non-native oysteer

native european oyster has no place to live

24
Q

what are trans boundary-effects?

example?

A

different countries have different opinions about species- wanted in one land unwanted in the other, but oceanic currents transprt species over boundaries.

example:
macroalgae: undaria spec
green crab in USA

25
Q

what are future directions/problems concerning non native species?

A

important is to maintain helathy ecsystems - AQC depennds on good water quality

challenge because it is so easy to transfer species over large distances

  • producers want money, introduce as much as it is allowed :
  • -> legislationand risk managemnt are important to prevet undesired impacts of intended introduction
26
Q

what are the two ways of introducing non native species ?

A

-accidental (e.g. balllast water)
or
-deliberate (with purpose, intended)

27
Q

what are ntional legislations for introducing non native species?

A

ICES has made a guideline for intentioned intrdocution

– >aims to minimize the impacts to the environment

28
Q

how many alien species has been considered as alien species in norway? in 2007 and in 2012 ; alien species with the norwegian black list)

A

2007: 217 species
2012: 1180 species
(which have the potential to reproduce or which reporduce in the wild in norway within the next 50 years)

29
Q

what are important aquauculture non-native species in norway

A

rainbow trout

crassostrea gigas

30
Q

what are future direction in china? - legislations?

A

introduction is under governmental control

  • no integrated risk assessment system
  • no early warning

today stronger practice of non-native sp. AQC than before

aquaculture (14 decks)

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