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aquaculture > monitoring_systems:watercolumn-seafloor > Flashcards

monitoring_systems:watercolumn-seafloor Flashcards

1
Q

what are the effects of finfish aquauculture on the ecosystem?

A

local and water column effects:

  • water discharge rich in POM DOM, DIM
  • artificial reef (biofouling)

wider ecological effects:

  • fish diseases
  • parasites
  • genetic interaction

macroecological effects:
fish feed production (sources and tranport)

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2
Q

why are surface currents important ?

A
  • brings fresh water to the fish
  • adds oxygen
  • removes particles and dissolved waster compounds
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3
Q

why are spreading currents important?

A
  • reduce sedimentation right beellow the farem

- spreading particles

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4
Q

whay are bottom currensts improtant?

A
  • increases semidnet turnover

- prevenst deoxygenation of the sediment

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5
Q

what happens with Dissolved organice nutrienst (phosphat/ammonimu) from AQC?

A

immediately consumd by primary producers

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6
Q

what happens with Particulate organic nitrogen and phophorous from AQC?

A

larger particles consumed by fish/sink down

smaller articles suspended in water column–> consumed by filter feeders and bacteria

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7
Q

what happens with DON and DOP ?

A
  • sink down /consumed by bacteria
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8
Q

what is the dilution effect?

A

difficult to document spread of inorganic nutrients

–> cause they are immendiately taken up by phytoplankton

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9
Q

what is the most important directive related to marine AQC management?

A

WFD

water framework directive

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10
Q

what does the WFD say about human activity in nature ?

A

all human acitivity in nature represnts a potential pressure on the aquatic ecosystem

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11
Q

how are aquaculture sited regulated?
what is the reugaltion based on?
in norway

A

based on
1.EGS and EGO (environmental quality objectives)

  • localization of farms
  • biomass regulation (carrying capacity)
  • feed reguation
  • standards used for regulatory control (food quality standards/environmental standards)
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12
Q

what is the carrying capacity in norway?

A

200 000 fish /sea cage

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13
Q

hat are the 3 monitoring programms used in marine AQC?

A
  1. monitoring of envronmental effects
  2. monitoring of food quality
  3. monitoring of water quality ((inorganic)nitrogen and phosphorus)
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14
Q

what are the 2 monitoring ways?

A
  1. self-monitoring

2. authority monitoring

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15
Q

what is the name for the norwegian standard for monitoring environmental, benthic impact impact from mariculture?

A

NS-9410

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16
Q

what are the three types of survey that are included in NS-9410?

A
  1. feasibility study
  2. B investigations
  3. C investigations
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17
Q

the zone which is impacteted by an AQC site is divided into 2 zone.
which?
how are these zones affected by the AQC site?

A
  1. zone under the farm = 0-30 m from the sea cage
    - -> excess feed and faces –> strong effect
  2. transitional zone = 30-500 m from the sea cage
    - -> sedimentation of smaller particles (water currents)
    - ->small effect
18
Q

which investigations are done in which zone?

A

transitional zone = c-investigations

zone under the farm =
B and C investigations

19
Q

what is the feasibility (machbarkeit) investigation?

definition

A

=environmental documentation that describes the area around the AQC site.

20
Q

when is a feasibility investigation required?

A
  • applying for new establishemnt of a site

- applying for substantial expansion of already existing sites

21
Q

what is included in feasibility investsigatio

A
  • B and modfied C investigation
  • map
  • current measuremnets
  • hydrological data
22
Q

definition of B investigation.

A

=trend monitoring/analyis of the bottom conditions under a fish farm performed by an authorized company

23
Q

what does b investigation includes?

A
  • chemical investigation (pH, redox potential) (–> quantitativ)
  • senory investigation (–> qualitativ)
  • qualitative fauna investigation (presence/abscene of animals) (–> qualitativ)
24
Q

where is B investigation done?- at the site or in the lab?

A

directly at the AQC site!

25
Q

by whom is B-investigtaion carried out?

A

by autorized companies

26
Q

what determines the frequency of B investigations?

A

the status of the location

- the worse the status the more regular are the B investigations

27
Q

waht are the states that a farm is characterized druing B- investiagtio ?

A

state1. very good
state2. good
state3. bad
state4. very bad

28
Q 
how frequent is the B -investagtion carried out at an AQC with 
1.vergy good 
and 
2.good status
and
A
  1. very good: at next maximum lood

2. good: before next production cycle start and at next maximum load

29
Q

what does maximum load mean?

A

=75-90% of the total feed in a production cycle is given to the farm

30
Q

what happens when an AQC site become the state 4

A

authorities will carry out action plans

31
Q

the B-investigation works with average values ( different cage values –> all into one farm value)
true or false?

A

true

32
Q

B investagtions are more expensive than c investigations.

true or false?

A

false

33
Q

defin. C investigation

A

=survey of the bottom conditions from the fish farm (local) and the regional impact zone.
-gives DETAILED information

34
Q

what does c investiagtion include?

A
  • bottom fauna (qualitative and quantitaive)
  • chemical parameters (P, C, Zn, Cu)
  • sediment grain size distribution (proprtion of clay, silt, gravel, sand )
  • sensory analyses
  • oxygen content (of water masses)
35
Q

what is when the bottom under a farm is not soft –< rocky.

what impact has that on the investiagtion?

A

B investigation made for soft bottom (sediment anlysis etc)

–> include new monitoring methods
e.h. scanning of the seafloor,
comparing to situation befor AQC

36
Q

what are new monitoring methods ideas? instead of the “grab-method”

A
  • genetic characterizatin of benthic population

- hyperspectral imaging

37
Q

who sets the monitoring of food quality?

A

the EU

38
Q

monitoring regualtions are the same in every country in europe?

A

false

39
Q

at what frequency are c-investigations done?

A

usually every third prodcution cycle–> every 6 years

40
Q

what has been developed in monitoring in AQC sites in malta of bluefin tuna and sea bass /seabream

A
  • uneaten food index (quantify uneaten food under the cages)

- seabed and seagrass states

aquaculture (14 decks)

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