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aquaculture > diseases_infectiondynamics&biosecurity > Flashcards

diseases_infectiondynamics&biosecurity Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 disease categories?

A

genetic
environmental
nutrional disorder
infectious disease

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2
Q

what are reasons for infectious diseases?

A

parasites
fungal infection
bacteria
viruses

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3
Q

what is the health triangle ?

A

relationship between:

  • host
  • infectious agent
  • environment
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4
Q

name 2 parasites infectious diseases

A

salmon louse

aemobic gill disease

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5
Q

what is pathogenicity?

A

p. refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease.

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6
Q

what is virulence?

A

v. refers to the degree of pathology caused by the pathogen.
often correlates with the pathogens ability to multiply within the host.

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7
Q

name 2 fungal infections/mycoses

A

crayfish plague

saprolegnia spec

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8
Q

name 2 bacteria transferred infectious diseases

A

vibriosis
cold water vibriosis
winter ulcers
furunculosis

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9
Q

name 2 viral transferred infectious diseases

A

PD: pancreas disease
ISA: infectious salmon anemia
IPN: infectious pancreatic necrosis

Pox virus –> gill infection
reovirus –> heart and skeletal muscle inflammation

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10
Q

describe vibriosis and cold water vibriosis.

- what is the main and only difference ?

A

marine: - atlantic salmon and rainbow trout
- control : vaccination
- widespread distribution in marine water

difference:
- water temp.:
cold water vibriosis –> low water temp.
vibriosis –> high water temperatures

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11
Q

what is the treatment against bacterial diseases ?

A

vaccination

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12
Q

what are the three most common viral diseases for salmonids?

A

ISA(infectious salmon anemia),
pancreas disease (PD),
IPN (infectiuos panceratic necrosis)

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13
Q

what are bacterial disease characteristics?

A
  • reservoir= widespread in water
  • farm populations
  • pathogenicity at an infectiuos dose
  • water temperatures, stress
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14
Q

viral diseases charcteristics?

A
  • reservoir= infected farmed fish
  • farm populations
  • pathogenicity is host specific
  • water temp. and stress
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15
Q

there are legislations about health status of ….

A 
of country/regin of origin ("disease free")
of population (mandatory health control)
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16
Q

there are only international health legislations. true or false?

A

false, international and national

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17
Q

who/what regulates the helath status?

name a few

A

-OIE: world animal helath orgainzation
- the trade and disese regulation
the pancrease disease regulations
- the aquaculture management regulation

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18
Q

there are three list, in which disease are chategorized.
chategroized based on what?
and on which of these lists can you find :
-furunculosis
-PD
-ISA

A

1=exotic
2=nonexotic
3=national list

ISA= nonexotic–> 2
PD and furunculosis –>3

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19
Q

what are the two control strategies?

A
  1. live with infection

2. keep the infection out

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20
Q

what is the managemnet strategy, if a disease is introudced?

A
  1. immediate remval of infected population
  2. cleaning and desinfection
  3. fallowing (stilllegen)of the site
21
Q

how can becterial diseases be treated?

A

antbiotics

22
Q

how can sea lice be treated ?

A

cleaner fish, mechanical methods, pharmaceuticals

23
Q

what are the three vaccination methods?

A

oral
immersion
injection (mannually/automatically)

24
Q

what are the vacine methods/types?

5

A
  • inactivated-killed
  • adjuvants injection
  • subunit vaccines(–> create wek immune response)
  • live vaccines (–>immune response)
  • DNA vaccines
25
Q

at what lifetime of the production cycle are salmons vaccinated?

A

when they are smolts in the freshwater, before they get transportetd to the farm (or at the farm in sea water)

26
Q

what is RPS?- what does it describe?

A

RPS = (1- %deaths in vacinnated fish/%deaths in unvaccinated fish) *100

=relative percent survival

– >describes the vaccine impact= vaccine efficacy

27
Q

what does RPS= 90 mean?

A

high efficacy of the vaccine

28
Q

what does RPS=40

mean?

A

low efficacy of the vaccine

29
Q

the use of antibitics is close to zero since 1995, and the fish production rapidly in increases since then.
true or false?

A

true, due to vaccines

30
Q

what are the species that still have the highest antbiotic prescription?

A
  • atlnatic salmon
  • marine species (altnatic cod, turbot, halibut)
  • other species: including cleaner fish -lumpfish
31
Q

how is the vaccine protection against PD ad IPN ISA?

A

PD=moderate
IPN= unknown
ISA=unknown

32
Q

what are the effects of fish vaccination?

A

-does NOT prevent pathogen introduction
BUT: reduces risk for outbreak in the populat.
-reduces spread of diesase within the far//to other farms/to wild fish
-R0<1

33
Q

what is R0?

A

=basic reprodution number

–> =number of secondary cases arising from a single primary case

34
Q

what is when R0 > 1?

A

each primary case wll produce more tha one secondary case –> epidemic

35
Q

what is when R0 < 1?

A

the infection will tend to die out

36
Q

what effect has vaccination on R0?

A

vaccination reduces the number of susceptible hosts –> R0 <1

37
Q

what does herd immunity mean?

A

even non-vaccinated individuals and poor-responders are protected through the immunity of the herd/population

38
Q

on what does the herd immunity depends on?

A
  • depends on the proportion of immune individuals + vaccine efficacy + infection pressure
39
Q

what is “biosecurity”

/”biosecurity plans”?

A

= preventive methods to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diesase.
if the disease is introduced –> do control measures to reduce consequences/losses
- reduce the risk of further spread

40
Q

what does “bio-exlusion” mean?

A

prevent disease introduction

41
Q

what are the biosecurity levels ?

4

A
  • internationally
  • nationally regionally
  • area/zone
  • production unit
42
Q

what are source for pathogen introduction?

A
  • biological material (e.g.smolt, eggs )
  • wild fish
  • feed
  • water
    vectore: eqipment, transport, vehicles etc.
43
Q

what are generell important elements of biosecurity plans?

A
  • mandatory health control of fish
  • suveillance
  • transport of stocking population -> standard, regulatins
  • water source–> hygienic quality
  • “all in-all out” (one generation –> one stocking and harvesting –> cleaning and disinfection etc.)
44
Q

what are imprtant elements of biosecurity plans on the farm?

A
  • hygiene barries btween clean and un clena area
  • limited contact to other sites/populations
  • own staff, own eqiupment and operations
  • control of visitors
  • controll of feed and equipment
45
Q

What does the PD regulation fro 2017 say?

A
  • norway divided into 4 zone (2 PD free zone, 2 surveillance zones (western/mid-norway)))
  • testing 20 fishes/each month all farms
  • vaccination mandatory in buffer zone (mid norway)
46
Q

what are control measures within PD-zone?

A
  • coordinated production
    -seperated fish generations
    fallowing of sites
    -distance betw. sites
    -control with transport
    -surveillance testing
    vaccination
47
Q

how long does a zoneneed to be disease free that it can be declared as PD free zone?

A

10 years

48
Q

how does vaccination against PD effects a PD zone?

  • mortality
  • growth/day
  • discarded at slaughter
A

mortality rate sinks
growth rate ≈unchanged
discarded at slaughter = halve

49
Q

is PD transmitt over long distance easier/harder than ISA transmitt?
relative risk higher or lower?

A

easiere –> relative risk is higher

aquaculture (14 decks)

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