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aquaculture > genetic_interactions > Flashcards

genetic_interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic variation

-how is it measured among and within populations

A

within populatioons often measured as:

  • heterozygosity
  • allelic richness

among populations measured as Fst

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2
Q

what is an allele?

A

=any of several froms of a gene, usually arising through mutations

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3
Q

Genetic introgression

A

incorporation of genes from a donor population to a recipient population through hybridization,
e.g. farmed →wild salmon

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4
Q

what si evolution ?

A

any change in allele frquency

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5
Q

what are evolutionary forces ?

A
  • muatation
  • genetic drift
  • gene flow
  • natural selectiom
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6
Q

what is gene flow?

A

gene ftransfer from on to another population

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7
Q

what effect has gene flow within and between populations?

A

within : increases genetic variation

betwe. decreases genetci variation

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8
Q

what is natural selection :

A

different survival +reproduction betw. indiviudlaes due to different pehnotype (diff. genotyp)

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9
Q

what is genetic drift?

A

random changes in allel frequency in an allele pool

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10
Q

how does genetci drift effects small and how large populations?

A

Large in small populations and small in large populations. →increases genetic differences between populations and increase loss of genetic variation within populations.

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11
Q

what is the effective popuation size, Ne?

A

is the sizeof a statisticallly ideal popuation

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12
Q

what is the definition of an “ideal population” ?

A
  • panmixia
  • n(females)=n(males)
  • no random genetic drift
  • no mutatsion
  • no migration
  • no natural selection
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13
Q

what is outbreeding depression ?

A

=Reduced fitness in offspring from interbreeding between genetically distant individuals

e.g. populations adapted to dif. environments

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14
Q

what is inbreeding depression ?

A

closely related individuals give offspring of lower fitness than unrelated individuals

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15
Q

what does the HW-Law say?

A

in an ideal population is the frequencies of the genotypes determined by the frequencies of the alleles.

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16
Q

what is the ryman laike effect?

A

= increase in inbreeding and a reduction of the total effective population size; occurs when few parents produce large number ofoffsprings

17
Q

what are indrect genetic effects from relase of cultured fish?

A
  • may compete for:
    +food (at high and at low food availability)
    +shelter
    +mates
    +introduce parasites and disease (g.salaris)

–> indreict reduced pop.size and genetic variation, add extra selection pressure

18
Q

how can escaped salmon be identified?

A
  • their scale (farmed salmon even growth)
  • morphology (fin damages, fat or skinny)
  • DNA (SNP’s search for genetic differences betw. farmed and wild salmon )
19
Q

what are the two breeding stragies?

A

delibertely release-stocking

non- delibertely release-stocking –> escaped farmed salmon

20
Q

why deliberately release ?

A

to try to preserve genetic variation and integrity –> prevent inbreeding depression

21
Q

what are guidelines for delberately release?

A
  • only use fish from local population

- stock as juvenile stages as possible

22
Q

to what rivers go escaped salmon to spawn?

A

river wich are not to steep

and have a lot of water

23
Q

what is the life cycle of atlantic salmon?

A
  • born in river
  • spend 1-5 years in river beforer entering the sea
  • migrate to the sea –> grow large (1-5 years)
  • homing –> spawing
24
Q

what is homing?

A

salmon return to the birth-river –> spawns in the same

25
Q

what are the impacts of genetic introgression on the fitness ?

A

farmed salmon:

  • life time fitness lower than wild
  • breeding success lower than wild

farmed and hybrid salmon have lower surviva from eggs to smolt
-migrate earlier to the sea

26
Q

what are the two norms for wild atlantic salmon?

A
  1. quantity: carrying capacity and harvest potential

2. quality: genetic integrity

27
Q

what are the 4 categories of genetic integrity?

A

green =good–> no gentci changes

yellow=moderate–> weak genetic changes indicated
orange =poor–> moderate significant genetic changes
red =very poor–> large siginificant genetic changes

28
Q

what are the 4 categories of genetic integrity?

A

green =good–> no gentci changes

yellow=moderate–> weak genetic changes indicated

orange =poor–> moderate significant genetic changes

red =very poor–> large siginificant genetic changes

29
Q

complete the sentence:

intregression of genes iwth less fitness lead to …

A

… ardeuction in population fitness

30
Q

what effect has genetic introgression in wild populations?

A

-decreases genetic variation in wild populations

leads to reduction in adaptive potential

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