biofouling

Question 1

what is fouling?

Answer 1

=accumulation of unwanted material an an interface

Question 2

what is biofouling?

Answer 2

=accumultion of biological communities at an interface

Question 3

what is epibiosis

Answer 3

= biofouling on living organisms

Question 4

what is the life cycle of biofouling species?

Answer 4

planktonic life phase –> serach for a good place to survive, grow and reproduce
–> settlemnet

Question 5

what are common typcial biofouling organisims?

Answer 5

mussel 
algae
diatoms
barnacles
hydroids
bryozoans 
ascidians 
caprellid shrimps

Question 6

were in finfish and where in seaweed and shellfish culture can you find biofouling?

Answer 6

finfish culture:
fouling of equipment

seaweed and shellfish aquauculture: +fouling of equipement adn of culture species

Question 7

what impacts has biofouling on salmon aquauculture?

Answer 7

-water flow trough cage 
cage stbility 
-fish health --> pathogen reservoir
- reservoir for invasive speciess 
- cleaner fish effectivness

Question 8

how does biofouling affects the effectiveness of cleaner fishes?

Answer 8

different opinions:

• cleaner fish needs nets to be clean to feed on lice
• cleaner fish may benefit from biofouling
• presence of biofouling has no influence of cleaner fish behaviour

Question 9

why is hydroid biofouling such a problem?

Answer 9

• because hydroid can attach to anything
• dont care about surface material or topography
• high regenration –> regorw after cutting
• -> difficult to fight

Question 10

how do hydroids grow/spread?

Answer 10

-though the water (plantonic life phase)

and then

• spreading thorugh their root system

Question 11

what are stragies against biofouling?

Answer 11

• copper coating
• net cleaning
• net exchange

Question 12

how can nets be in situ cleaned- whats the cleaning equipment?

Answer 12

• pressure cleaning
• autonomous brushing
• autonomous grooming
• free swimming equipment

Question 13

how often need the net to be cleaned?

Answer 13

every 5 days

Question 14

how do fish react to net cleaning?

Answer 14

• reduced appetite
• jumping
• general avoidance
• gill irritation

Question 15

what are the risks associated with net cleaning?

Answer 15

• damage though cnidarians (hydroids can cause gill damage and anemones can cause skin damage)
• damage of net and coating
• increased dispersal of biofouling organisms
• facilitation of invasive species and diseases
• deposition and pollution of copper and organic waste

Question 16

what are options for future biofouling managemnt strategies?

Answer 16

1. efficient antifouling without cleaning
2. antifouling combined with intermittent cleaning
3. grooming of nets without antifuling

Question 17

what are advantages and challenges for
efficient antifouling without cleaning ?

what is needed?

Answer 17

advantages:
- no cleaning related impacts
- predictable costs

challenges:

• environmental toxicity
• entanglement of drifting bioamss

needs:
- development of novel coating/net material

Question 18

what are advantages and challenges for
antifouling commbined with intermittent cleaning?

what is needed?

Answer 18

advantages:
- reduced cleaing related impacts

challenges:

• cleaning related impact
• environmental toxicity

needs:
- cleaning waste collection

Question 19

what are advantages and challenges for
grooming of nets without antifouling ?

what is needed?

Answer 19

advantages:
- no cleaning related impacts
- no contamination

challenges:
-enegy efficiency

needs:
- novel cleaning/grooming technologies

Question 20

biofouling in shellfish and seaweed culture:
what are impacts of biofouling ?

concerning physical damage?

Answer 20

physical damage:

• asthetics
• susceptibility to parasites,disease and predation

Question 21

biofouling in shellfish and seaweed culture:
what are impacts of biofouling ?

concerning weight?

Answer 21

increased weight

• detachemnet, breakage
• buoyancy of mooring system

Question 22

biofouling in shellfish and seaweed culture:
what are impacts of biofouling ?

concerning fitness

Answer 22

reduction of fitness:

• compeition for food oxygen, light, space
• smothering valve function

Question 23

biofouling in shellfish and seaweed culture:
what are impacts of biofouling ?

concering environment

Answer 23

• increased biodeposition

- habitat for onnative species

Question 24

how can biofouling be prevented in shellfish and seaweed culture:

Answer 24

change/adaption of:

• stocking density
• choice of -substrate/culture method
• spatial and temporal avoidance
• Inherent Antifouling metabolite can be enhanced
• resitent genotyes
• AF shell coatings

Question 25

what is the treatment against biofouling ?

Answer 25

-exposure to:
+heat
+air
+base or acid

• manual removal
• biocontrol
• cleaning of infrastructure

Question 26

what could be observed concerning biofouling an settlement time in seaweed/shellfish AQC?

Answer 26

settelemnt earlier in the year (may) – > less biofouling

Question 27

what is the treatment against biofouling in shellfish AQC?

Answer 27

• pressure washing

- silicon release coatings -abrasive meidum

Question 28

what is the treatment against biofouling in seaweed AQC?

Answer 28

• tank culture: nutrient pulsing (straving of epiphytes)

- balde/abandonment/epidermal shedding + fast growth

Question 29

what is an epiphyte?

Answer 29

plant that grows on another plant

Question 30

how is the best way to treat biofouling?

-what works best?

Answer 30

combination of mutiple treatment:

• agianst a broader range of foulers
• lower intesities but longer exposure

Question 31

true or false: tratment can impact cultured species more than the biofouling.

Answer 31

true