biofouling Flashcards
what is fouling?
=accumulation of unwanted material an an interface
what is biofouling?
=accumultion of biological communities at an interface
what is epibiosis
= biofouling on living organisms
what is the life cycle of biofouling species?
planktonic life phase –> serach for a good place to survive, grow and reproduce
–> settlemnet
what are common typcial biofouling organisims?
mussel algae diatoms barnacles hydroids bryozoans ascidians caprellid shrimps
were in finfish and where in seaweed and shellfish culture can you find biofouling?
finfish culture:
fouling of equipment
seaweed and shellfish aquauculture: +fouling of equipement adn of culture species
what impacts has biofouling on salmon aquauculture?
-water flow trough cage cage stbility -fish health --> pathogen reservoir - reservoir for invasive speciess - cleaner fish effectivness
how does biofouling affects the effectiveness of cleaner fishes?
different opinions:
- cleaner fish needs nets to be clean to feed on lice
- cleaner fish may benefit from biofouling
- presence of biofouling has no influence of cleaner fish behaviour
why is hydroid biofouling such a problem?
- because hydroid can attach to anything
- dont care about surface material or topography
- high regenration –> regorw after cutting
- -> difficult to fight
how do hydroids grow/spread?
-though the water (plantonic life phase)
and then
- spreading thorugh their root system
what are stragies against biofouling?
- copper coating
- net cleaning
- net exchange
how can nets be in situ cleaned- whats the cleaning equipment?
- pressure cleaning
- autonomous brushing
- autonomous grooming
- free swimming equipment
how often need the net to be cleaned?
every 5 days
how do fish react to net cleaning?
- reduced appetite
- jumping
- general avoidance
- gill irritation
what are the risks associated with net cleaning?
- damage though cnidarians (hydroids can cause gill damage and anemones can cause skin damage)
- damage of net and coating
- increased dispersal of biofouling organisms
- facilitation of invasive species and diseases
- deposition and pollution of copper and organic waste
what are options for future biofouling managemnt strategies?
- efficient antifouling without cleaning
- antifouling combined with intermittent cleaning
- grooming of nets without antifuling
what are advantages and challenges for
efficient antifouling without cleaning ?
what is needed?
advantages:
- no cleaning related impacts
- predictable costs
challenges:
- environmental toxicity
- entanglement of drifting bioamss
needs:
- development of novel coating/net material
what are advantages and challenges for
antifouling commbined with intermittent cleaning?
what is needed?
advantages:
- reduced cleaing related impacts
challenges:
- cleaning related impact
- environmental toxicity
needs:
- cleaning waste collection
what are advantages and challenges for
grooming of nets without antifouling ?
what is needed?
advantages:
- no cleaning related impacts
- no contamination
challenges:
-enegy efficiency
needs:
- novel cleaning/grooming technologies
biofouling in shellfish and seaweed culture:
what are impacts of biofouling ?
concerning physical damage?
physical damage:
- asthetics
- susceptibility to parasites,disease and predation
biofouling in shellfish and seaweed culture:
what are impacts of biofouling ?
concerning weight?
increased weight
- detachemnet, breakage
- buoyancy of mooring system
biofouling in shellfish and seaweed culture:
what are impacts of biofouling ?
concerning fitness
reduction of fitness:
- compeition for food oxygen, light, space
- smothering valve function
biofouling in shellfish and seaweed culture:
what are impacts of biofouling ?
concering environment
- increased biodeposition
- habitat for onnative species
how can biofouling be prevented in shellfish and seaweed culture:
change/adaption of:
- stocking density
- choice of -substrate/culture method
- spatial and temporal avoidance
- Inherent Antifouling metabolite can be enhanced
- resitent genotyes
- AF shell coatings
what is the treatment against biofouling ?
-exposure to:
+heat
+air
+base or acid
- manual removal
- biocontrol
- cleaning of infrastructure
what could be observed concerning biofouling an settlement time in seaweed/shellfish AQC?
settelemnt earlier in the year (may) – > less biofouling
what is the treatment against biofouling in shellfish AQC?
- pressure washing
- silicon release coatings -abrasive meidum
what is the treatment against biofouling in seaweed AQC?
- tank culture: nutrient pulsing (straving of epiphytes)
- balde/abandonment/epidermal shedding + fast growth
what is an epiphyte?
plant that grows on another plant
how is the best way to treat biofouling?
-what works best?
combination of mutiple treatment:
- agianst a broader range of foulers
- lower intesities but longer exposure
true or false: tratment can impact cultured species more than the biofouling.
true
