non insulin agents

Question 1

what is a type of biguanides

Answer 1

metformin

Question 2

what is the moa of metformin

Answer 2

Reduction in insulin resistance via modification of glucose metabolic pathways

Question 3

what is the indication for metformin

Answer 3

metformin

Question 4

side effects of metformin

Answer 4

gastrointestinal symptoms
severe symptoms
gastrointestinal symptoms

Question 5

what are the clinical characteristics of metformin

Answer 5

Weight loss (often desired) or weight stabilization
No risk of hypoglycemia

Question 6

what are contraindications of metformin

Answer 6

Chronic kidney disease
Metformin must be paused before administration of iodinated contrast medium and major surgery.

Question 7

what are types of Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors

Answer 7

Canagliflozin
Dapagliflozin
Empagliflozin

Question 8

what is moa of SLGT-2

Answer 8

reversible inhibition of SGLT-2 in the proximal tubule of the kidney → ↓ glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney → glycosuria and polyuria

Question 9

what are side effects of slgt-2 inhibitors

Answer 9

Urinary tract infections, genital infections (vulvovaginal candidiasis, balanitis) due to glucosuria
Dehydration → weight loss, orthostatic hypotension

Question 10

what are contraindications of SLGT-2 inhibitors

Answer 10

Recurrent urinary tract infections
Chronic kidney disease

Question 11

what is a type of alpha glucosidase inhibitors

Answer 11

nhibit alpha-glucosidase (a brush border enzyme expressed by intestinal epithelial cells) → delayed and ↓ intestinal glucose absorption and ↓ carbohydrate breakdown, resulting in ↓ hyperglycemia after food ingestion
effective in controlling postprandial blood glucose levels

Question 12

does acarbose cause hypoglycaemia

Answer 12

no

Question 13

what are the side effects of acarbose

Answer 13

gastrointestinal symptoms (flatulence, bloating, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea)

Question 14

what are the contraindications of acarbose

Answer 14

Severe renal failure
IBD

Question 15

what are types of Thiazolidinediones

Answer 15

Pioglitazone
Rosiglitazone

Question 16

what is the moa of thiazolidineodiones

Answer 16

Reduce insulin resistance through the stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)
Increase transcription of adipokines

Question 17

what are the side effects of thiazolidineodiones

Answer 17

Edema
Cardiac failure
Weight gain
↑ Risk of bone fractures (osteoporosis)
↑ LDL

Question 18

what are the contraindications of thiazolidinediones

Answer 18

Congestive heart failure
Liver failure

Question 19

what are the drug interaction of thiazolidinediones

Answer 19

CYP2C8 inhibitors (e.g., gemfibrozil): ↑ concentration of glitazones [5]

Question 20

what are Amylin analogs

Answer 20

Pramlintide

Question 21

what is the moa of Amylin analogs

Answer 21

Decrease glucagon release
Slow gastric emptying
Increase feeling of satiety

Question 22

what are adrs of amalin analogs

Answer 22

Risk of hypoglycemia
Nausea

Question 23

what drugs should not be taken with amalin

Answer 23

Delayed effect of concomitantly administered drugs due slowed gastric emptying (e.g, ampicillin, acetaminophen)

Question 24

My Pancreas Needs Fitting Treatment!” - Metformin, -gliPs, -gliNs, -gliFs, -gliTs

Question 25

what should you avoid in patients with heart failure

Answer 25

saxagliptin

Question 26

which patient group is better for SLGT-2 inhibitors

Answer 26

Beneficial for patients who need to lose or maintain their weight

Question 27

which patient should you avoid Thiazolidinedione in

Answer 27

Avoid in patients with congestive heart failure

Question 27

which drug increases risk of hypoglyceamia

Answer 27

Sulfonylureas