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Patho > Non-Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Non-Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Non-infectious Disease

A

Diseases not caused by pathogens in the body

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2
Q

Examples of Noninfectious Diseases

A

Cardiovascular disease, allergies, diabetes, cancer, etc.

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3
Q

Are non-infectious diseases long lasting and what can cause them?

A

Yes they are often long-lasting, and result form a combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral (lifestyle) factors

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4
Q

Lifestyle factors include…

A

Diet and nutrition, physical activity, substance use, stress, sleep patterns, social and economic factors, and health behaviors and adherence

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5
Q

What disease can result form poor diet and nutrition?

A

Obesity

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6
Q

What is obesity?

A

Consuming a diet high in calories, saturated fats, sugars, and processed foods, and is a risk factor for many chronic diseases, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer

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7
Q

What disease can result from poor physical activity?

A

Cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis

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8
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

Sedentary lifestyle is a significant risk factor, regular physical activity helps maintain healthy blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and body weight

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9
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Lack of weight-bearing exercise can lead to weak bones and increase risk (especially in older adults)

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10
Q

Substance Use

A

use of substances like drugs and alcohol can lead to liver, kidney, and respiratory diseases

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11
Q

Stress diseases include…

A

Mental Health

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12
Q

Mental Health

A

Chronic stress can contribute to mental health disorders like depression and anxiety, which often connect with physical conditions like heart diseases and diabetes

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13
Q

Sleep Pattern diseases include..

A

Metabolic Disorders

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14
Q

Metabolic Disorders

A

Irregular sleep patterns and insufficient sleep can disrupt hormonal balance, contributing to metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes

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15
Q

Social and Economic Factors

A

Access to Healthcare

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16
Q

Access to healthcare

A

Socioeconomic status and access to healthcare can influence disease prevention and management. EX: Lower income individuals have limited access to nutritious food and healthcare resources

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17
Q

Health behaviors and adherence

A

Medication Adherence

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18
Q

Medication Adherence

A

Lifestyle can affect how well individuals adhere to prescribed medications and treatment plans for chronic disease

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19
Q

How to prevent lifestyle factors?

A

Adopt a healthy lifestyle (balanced diet, regular exercise, stress management, avoid harmful habits like smoking and excessive alcohol consumption). Healthcare professions emphasis this as very important!

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20
Q

Environmental Factors include…

A

Air quality, water quality, climate and weather, housing and indoor air quality, built environment, exposure to toxins, ultraviolent (UV radiation), food environment, noise pollution, natural disasters

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21
Q

Air quality diseases include…

A

Respiratory diseases

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22
Q

Respiratory Diseases

A

poor air quality due to pollution, allergens, and particulate matter can increase risk of respiratory diseases like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung infections

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23
Q

Water quality

A

exposure to certain chemicals in water many increase the risk of various chronic diseases over time

24
Q

Climate and weather diseases include..

A

Heat-related illnesses

25
Q

Heat-related illnesses

A

caused by extreme heat, especially in vulnerable populations like the elderly and those with preexisting conditions

26
Q

Housing and indoor air quality diseases include…

A

Respiratory diseases

27
Q

Respiratory diseases caused by air quality…

A

Poor indoor air quality due to factors like mold, tobacco smoke, and bad ventilation can makes respirator conditions worse

28
Q

Built Environment disease factors include…

A

Physical activity and transportation

29
Q

Physical activity environmental factors

A

Availability of safe and accessible spaces (parks, sidewalks) influence physical activity levels, which can lead to risk of obesity and related diseases

30
Q

Transportation

A

Urban planning that disourages walking and cycling in favor of motorized transportation = more sedentary lifestyle and health issues

31
Q

Exposure to Toxins disease includes…

A

Cancer and neurological disorders

32
Q

Cancer

A

Exposure to environmental carcinogens like asbestos, radon, and some chemicals, which increase risk

33
Q

Neurological Disorders

A

some environment toxins, like lead and some pesticides, and associated with an increased risk

34
Q

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) related diseases include…

A

Skin cancer

35
Q

Skin cancer

A

Prolonged exposure to UV radiation from the son or artificial sources (tanning beds) is a major risk factor

36
Q

Food environment related diseases include…

A

Dietary Choices and Food contamination

37
Q

Dietary choices for environmental factors

A

Availability and affordability of healthy foods in a environment can influence dietary choices and contribute to conditions like obesity and cardiovascular diseases

38
Q

Food contaimination

A

Exposure to contaminants or pathogens in food, such as pesticides or food borne pathogens, can lead to food borne illnesses and long-term health issues

39
Q

Noise pollution related diseases include…

A

physical and mental health impact

40
Q

Physical and Mental Health Impact

A

Natural disasters like hurricanes, floods, and wildfires can lead to injuries, displacement, and psychological distress, which can make health conditions worse

41
Q

Environmental factors can be both…

A

Natural and man-made

42
Q

How can environmental factors be avoided?

A

Public health measures, policies, and individual actions

43
Q

Genetic Predisposition factors include…

A

Inherited risk factors, family history, rare genetic diseases, multifactorial diseases, gene-environment interactions, pharmacogenetics, epigenetic modification, screening and early detection

44
Q

Types of inherited risk factors…

A

Specific gene mutations and polymorphisms

45
Q

Specific gene mutations

A

Some non-infectious diseases have a strong genetic component, often associated with specific gene mutations (EX mutation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase risk of breast and ovarian cancer)

46
Q

Polymorphism

A

Genetic variation (polymophism), can influence your likelihood of catching a disease. Variations can affect how the body metabolizes drugs, nutrients, and toxins. Polymorphisms in genes related to metabolism can impact the risk of conditions like diabetes and heart diseases

47
Q

Familiy History

A

Having a family history of a specific disease can increase an individual’s risk. While not all cases of familiy clustering are due to genetics (shared environment and lifestyle also play a role), they can signal and increased genetic predisposition

48
Q

Rare genetic diseases

A

Entirely genetic, resulting from rare mutations (Huntington’s disease, cystic fibrosis, and muscular dystrophy)

49
Q

Multifactorial Diseases

A

Many non-infectious diseases (heart disease, diabetes, certain cancers) result form a combination of genetic and environmental factors (genetics make you more likely to get the disease, but lifestyle and environment really cause the disease)

50
Q

Gene-Environment Interactions

A

Genetic Predisposition interacts with environmental factors to determine disease risk (EX you might be more likely to get diabetes if you have an unhealthy lifestyle)

51
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

Genetic variation can impact someone’s response to medication. Pharmoacogenetics helps to personalize drug treatments to optimize effectiveness and minimize side effects.

52
Q

Epigenetic Modifications

A

Epigenetic changes (influenced by all the factors), can alter gene expression and contribute to disease risk, maybe explaining why people with similar genetic backgrounds have different disease outcomes

53
Q

Screening and early detection

A

Genetic testing can identify individuals with a higher genetic predisposition to certain disease, useful in order to enable timely intervention and management

54
Q

Does having a genetic predisposition mean you will get the disease?

A

No!

55
Q

Do genetic factors interact with other factors?

A

YES

56
Q
A

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