Inflammation

Question 1

What are anatomical barriers?

Answer 1

Include physical, chemical, and biological defenses

Question 2

How is the skin an anatomical barrier?

Answer 2

Impermeable to most infectious agents, also sheds skin cells to remove bacteria and other infectious agents that have adhered to the surface

Question 3

How does the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts an anatomical barrier?

Answer 3

• Have movement like peristalsis or cilia, which help remove infectious agents.
• Mucus in these tracts can also trap infectious agents
• Gut flora, the bacteria in our intestins, can prevent the colonization of pathogenic bacteria by secreting toxic substances or competing for nutrients

Question 4

How are tears and saliva anatomical barriers?

Answer 4

Prevent infections on eyes and mouth by flushing away pathogens

Question 5

What is innate immunity?

Answer 5

Activation of immune cells, release of inflammatory mediators, and recruitment of leukocytes

Question 6

What is inflammation

Answer 6

a complex process that involves the activation of various immune cells and the release of inflammatory mediators

Question 7

When does innate immunity occur?

Answer 7

when the body detects infection or tissue damage, innate immune cells use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect pathogens or host-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

Question 8

What triggers an immune response?

Answer 8

Transcription factors and the production of inflammatory genes

Question 9

What are inflammatory mediators and some examples?

Answer 9

released to recruit and activate leukocytes, which are crucial for eliminating foreign particle and damaged tissue EX cytokines and chemokines

Question 10

What is the simple definition of inflammation?

Answer 10

the natural response of the body to injury or infection

Question 11

Five cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 11

pain, heat, rednesss, and swelling, and loss of function

Question 12

What is the purpose of inflammation

Answer 12

to eliminate the cause of cell injury, clear out damaged cells and tissues, and initiate tissue repair

Question 13

What are treatments for inflammation?

Answer 13

Treatments can decrease pain and swelling, prevent chronic inflammation, and maintain mobility and strength in adjacent areas

Question 14

How long does acute inflammation last?

Answer 14

response to harmful stimuli and lasts for a few days

Question 15

What is involved with acute inflammation?

Answer 15

Involves increased movement of plasma and immune cells from the blood into the injured tissues

Question 16

Is acute inflammation good?

Answer 16

Beneficial in the short term, as it helps the body heal and protect itself

Question 17

How long does chronic inflammation last?

Answer 17

lasts for months or even years and is associated with various diseases

Question 18

What causes chronic inflammation?

Answer 18

caused by factors such as poor nutrition, exposure to pesticides, chronic stress, and lack of sleep

Question 19

Can prolonged inflammation be harmful?

Answer 19

Yes and is associated with chronic diseases like arthritis and heart disease

Question 20

What is the vascular phase in inflammation?

Answer 20

• Blood vessels near the injury dilate and blood flow to the area increases
• leads to redness and warmth
• Permeability of the blood vessels also increases, causing fluid to leak into the interstitial space and resulting in swelling

Question 21

What is the cellular phase of inflammation?

Answer 21

• Immune cells called neutrophils migrate to the site of injury and release inflammatory mediators
• Mediators attract other immune cells and help remove pathogens and cell debris

Question 22

What are the response pathways?

Answer 22

Molecules to fight off infection and promote tissue repair by activating signaling pathways

Question 23

What does an infection or tissue injury

Answer 23

signaling pathways to initiate the inflammatory response

Question 24

What can chronic inflammation lead to?

Answer 24

Tissue damage and development of various diseases

Question 25

What are white blood cells also known as

Answer 25

Also known as leukocytes

Question 26

Where are white blood cells produced?

Answer 26

In bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells

Question 27

How are white blood cells different red blood cells and platlets?

Answer 27

white blood cells have nuclei

Question 28

What does a high white blood cell count

Answer 28

• Sign of inflammation and the immune system is actively fighting off the infection
• Can also be a sign of certain blood cancers and bone marrow disorders

Question 29

What are the three types of white blood cells?

Answer 29

Granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes

Question 30

What are the three types of Granulocytes?

Answer 30

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

Question 31

Neutrophils

Answer 31

most common type of white blood cell and are responsible for fighting bacterial infections

Question 32

Eosinophils

Answer 32

Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Question 33

Basophils

Answer 33

release chemicals that help initiate the inflammatory response

Question 34

Types of Lymphocytes

Answer 34

T cells and B cells

Question 35

T cells

Answer 35

help coordinate the immune response and can direct attack infected cells

Question 36

B cells

Answer 36

produce antibodies that can recognize and neutralize specific pathogens

Question 37

What can natural killer cells do?

Answer 37

Can kill infected cells without needing prior exposure to the pathogen

Question 38

What are the types of Monocytes

Answer 38

Macrophages and Dendritic cells

Question 39

Macrophages

Answer 39

are phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy pathogens

Question 40

Dendritic cells

Answer 40

responsible for presenting antigens to other immune cells, helping to initiate an immune response

Question 41

What’s the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Answer 41

Innate is nonspecific (fast resposne within 0-4 hours)
Adaptive is specific (slow response within 4-14 days)