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Patho > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Why do cells change?

A

Grow and differentiate jobs

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2
Q

Is cell changing normal?

A

Minor alterations are normal

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3
Q

Do abnormal changes always mean tumors or cancer?

A

No, abnormal changes doesn’t necessarily mean permanent cell/tissue damage, tumors or cancer

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4
Q

Is it okay to have atypical cells?

A

Yes!

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5
Q

Is it okay to have abnormal cells?

A

No, because they could be cancerous

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6
Q

How do cells change?

A

Size, number, type

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7
Q

What are changes in size?

A

Atropy and Hypertrophy

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8
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in cell size

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9
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

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10
Q

What causes atrophy?

A

Decreased use, decreased blood supply, decreased nutrition, and in tissues and organs, it can cause cell shrinkage or death

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11
Q

What causes hypertrophy?

A

Cells adapt to their environment such as inflattion and hormones (like bloating on your period), overuse of an organ or tissues, can also be normal physiological response

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12
Q

What causes cardiac hypertrophy

A

Mycardial fibers increase in size due to increased workload

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13
Q

Change in numbers

A

Hyperplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia

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14
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

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15
Q

What causes Hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell division

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16
Q

Dysplasia

A

Increase in number of atypical cells

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17
Q

Atypical cells with Dysplasia

A

abnormal cell size, shape or organization

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18
Q

What type of cells does dysplasia occur in?

A

Mature cells only

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19
Q

Anaplasia

A

increase in number of abnormal cells (cancer)

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20
Q

What happens to cells in anaplasia

A

Cells lose unique characteristics that define them as certain types of tissue

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21
Q

Change in cell type

A

Metaplasia and Neoplasia

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22
Q

Metaplasia

A

Change one type of mature cell type to a different mature cell type

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23
Q

Neoplasia

A

“New growth” tumor

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24
Q

What is the exact definition of Neoplasia

A

New growth

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25
Q

Neoplasm means

A

tumor/cancer

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26
Q

What is cancer

A

uncontrolled proliferation of cells that express varying degrees of fidelity to their precursors

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27
Q

What are the two types of cancer

A

Benign and Malignant

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28
Q

Benign Tumors

A

Cells grow as a compact mass and remain at their site of origin

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29
Q

Malignant

A

Growth of cells is uncontrolled and cells can spread into surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites

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30
Q

Cell injury

A

cell is exposed to an injurious agent or stress, a sequence of events follows

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31
Q

Is cell injury reversable?

A

Up to a certain point

32
Q

Cell death

A

If stimulus persists or is severe enough from the beginning

33
Q

Can cell injury lead to cell death?

A

Yes, if a cell suffers irreversable cell injury

34
Q

What are the two types of cell death?

A

Apoptis and Necrosis

35
Q

When does apoptis occur?

A

occurs when a cell dies throuh programmed cell death

36
Q

What does Apoptis do?

A

Eliminates unwanted cells when development is abnormal

37
Q

When does necrosis occur?

A

occurs after ischemia?chemical inury

38
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Deficit of exygen

39
Q

Is necrosis always pathological?

A

Yes!

40
Q

What are the types of necrosis?

A

Liquefactive, coagulative, fat, caseous, and gangrenous necrosis

41
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Dead cells liquify

42
Q

What often causes
liquefactive necrosis?

A

bacterial infections and sometimes fungal

43
Q

What happens to the tissue during liquefactive necrosis?

A

Tissue turns into a liquid viscous mass

44
Q

Coagulative Necrosis

A

Occurs when cell proteins are altered

45
Q

What is the process of coagulation?

A

Cooking an egg

46
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Enzymes break down fatty tissue into fatty acids

47
Q

What does fatty necrosis look like?

A

Chalky white areas

48
Q

Caesos Necrosis

A

Type of coagulative necrosis, seen in tuberculosis infection

49
Q

What does Caesos Necrosis look like?

A

Type of coagulative necrosis, seen in tuberculosis infection

50
Q

What does caseous necrosis look like?

A

Yellowish “sheesy” appearance

51
Q

Gangrenous Necrosis

A

Limb has lost blood supply and has undergon coagulation necrosis

52
Q

What if gangrenous necrosis is wet?

A

Coagulation and liquefactuve necrosis

53
Q

What is water?

A

Medium in which reactions/processes take place, transportation system of the body

54
Q

How much of the adult body weight is water?

A

60%

55
Q

How does age affect the total body water?

A

Infants have about 70% TBW (TBW decreases in older adults

56
Q

How does sex affect the TBW

A

females typically have higher fat

57
Q

How does fat affect the TBW

A

fat means a lower proportion of water

58
Q

Individuals with ___ are more likely to be adversely affected by any fluid or electrolyte imbalance

A

Less fluid reserve

59
Q

What are the fluid compartments?

A

Intracellular fluids and extracellular fluids

60
Q

Where are intracellular fluids found

A

Fluid within the cell

61
Q

Extracellular fluids are found

A

outside of the cell

62
Q

Why does balance in these compartments matter?

A

Homeostasis

63
Q

Intracellular fluids are

A

inside cell, 2/3 of fluid volume

64
Q

Extracellular fluids are

A

Intravascular fluids (1/4 of fluid) and intestinal fluid (3/4)

65
Q

What are other transcellular fluids?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), various secretion, lymphatic fluid, synovial and serous cavities

66
Q

What is the movement of water?

A

Amount entering should equal amount leaving

67
Q

What do the cell membranes do to keep homeostasis?

A

Cell membranes are selectively permeable, so they maintain appropriate concentrations of substances by active and passive processes

68
Q

What separates the intra vascular fluid and intracellular fluid?

A

The cell membrane!

69
Q

Is osmosis passive or active?

A

Passive!

70
Q

How do fluids circulate through the body?

A

FIlitration and osmosis

71
Q

Filitration

A

movement of water and solutes from high pressure to low pressure

72
Q

Osmosis

A

movements of water from high water to low water concentration or low solute to high solute concentration

73
Q

How does water move between IVF and ISF compartments?

A

Hydrostatic Pressure and Osmotic pressure

74
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

tends to push watter and solutes out of IVF and into ISF

75
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

tends to push water and solutes into to IVF and out of ISF

Patho (8 decks)

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