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Patho > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is harm reduction?

A

Public health strategy to reduce negative consequences

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2
Q

What is harm reduction usually associated with

A

Drug use

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3
Q

What kind of strategies are associated with harm reduction?

A

Prevention, risk reduction, and health promotion

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4
Q

In the context of pharmacology, what does harm reduction do?

A

potential risks and adverse effects associated with the use of pharmaceutical drugs

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5
Q

Why is harm reduction important? (name four)

A

Lower adverse effects
Prevent overddose
Promote safe use practices
Address difference between depending and addiction
Reduce transmission and infections
Educate and make people aware
Promote access to healthcare

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6
Q

Limitations of “just say no” strategies

A
  • May be unrealistic and not address unique challenges that play into drug use such as social, economic, and psych influences
  • May lack specific and practical strategies
  • May create an environment of shame
    -May not address community wide of public health concerns
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7
Q

Harm Reduction strategies…

A
  • Acknowledge that individuals have different needs, experiences, and circumstances
  • Aim to minimize harm associated with drug use with practical strategies like education, safe use practices, and access to healthcare services
    -Goal of building trust and open communication for non-judgmental support
  • Focus on public health outcome by addressing the causes of drug-related issues
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8
Q

Both … and … efforts can be complementary and address the complexities of drug-related issues

A

harm reduction and prevention

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9
Q

What social environmental factors are there for drug use?

A

Peer influence and social pressure

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10
Q

What economic factors are there for drug use?

A

Poverty and disparities (Drugs can be a coping mechanism for people economic hardships), access and availability (Economic disparities can cause for people to turn to substance use if drugs are available)

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11
Q

What cultural factors play into drug use?

A

Cultural attitudes (if a culture accepts drug use more, they are more likely to turn to it) and media/pop culture (media portrayal of drugs influences your perceptions of drugs)

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12
Q

What family environment factors play into drug use?

A

Family dynamics (familial structures, communication mpatterns, and relationships and lack there of may make people vulnerable to drug use) and parental substance use (children of parents who abuse substances may be at a higher risk of substance use due to genetic factors, modeling behaviors, or exposure to substance in the home)

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13
Q

Psychological factors?

A

Stress and trauma (substance abuse as a coping mechanism) and mental health conditions (drugs as a self-medication or alleviate symptoms)

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14
Q

Community influences?

A

Community norms (communities wehre drugs are normal may create an environment where drugs are more acceptable) and access to treatment/prevention services (lack of access to resources can limit someone’s availability to get help)

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15
Q

How does education and awareness minimize adverse effects?

A

Help people find out about risks and side effects

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16
Q

How to responsibly use drugs

A

-FOLLOW PRESCRIPTIONS
-Pay attention to dosage and instructions
-Ask healthcare professionals about concers/side effects

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17
Q

Adverse effects: Avoid Mixing Substances

A
  • Using multiple substances at once can increase the risk of adverse effects
    -Drug interactions may be harmful
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18
Q

Adverse effects: Use in safe environment

A
  • Reduce risk of accidents by using substances in safe and controlled areas
  • Avoid using substance in situation that may increase the risk of injury or death
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19
Q

Adverse effects: Safe practices

A
  • Safe injection practices (Use clean needs, don’t share equipment to minimize infection)
  • Safe smoking practices (avoid sharking smoke device and ensure proper ventilation)
  • Testing of drugs before use when not received from pharmacy
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20
Q

Adverse effects: Know your limits

A

Know the substance and set limits (don’t let yourself escalate to harmful levels)

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21
Q

Adverse effects: Regular Monitoring

A

Health check-ups: Regular medical check-ups can help identify and address health issues related to drug use

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22
Q

Adverse effects: Emergency preparedness

A

Naloxone training (if using opioids, knowing how to identify an overdose and Naloxone can be lifesaving

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23
Q

Adverse effects: Mental health

A

Address underlying issues (if drug use is linked to a coping mechanism for anxiety or mental health, help finding drug issues) and seeking professional help for assistance

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24
Q

Adverse effects: Community resources

A

Know what local treatment and support is available and engaging in prevention programs to help educate and create awareness of issues with drug use

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25
Q

Simple definition of dependency

A

physical dependence on a substance

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26
Q

Long definition of dependency

A

Neurochemical dy-regulation of the Mesolimbic Dopamine system (aka the medical forebrain bundle)

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27
Q

What symptoms are associated with depedency?

A

Tolerance and withdrawl

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28
Q

Can you be dependence without being addicted?

A

YES

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29
Q

Addiction is…

A

Genetics affect how the brain regulates the pathways (chemical disposition)

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30
Q

How to know if someone is addicted?

A

Marked by change in behavior due to biochemical changes in the brain due to prolonged substance use

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31
Q

Can you be addicted without being dependent?

A

YES

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32
Q

Can dependency and addiction be co-occurring or look the same?

A

YES

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33
Q

How to tell if someone is dependent or addicted

A

Look at family history or characteristics during the recovery process

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34
Q

What is substance use disorder?

A

Disease that affects a person’s brain and behavior and causes for someone to not be able to control the use of medicine or illegal substances

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35
Q

Substance use disorder is influenced by…

A

Genetics and environmental factors

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36
Q

What is your reward circuit?

A

Collection of brain structures and neutral pathways that are responsible for associative learning, motivation and desire, and emotions with a positive value

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37
Q

What is your ventral tegmental area?

A

-Introduction of the reward circuit

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38
Q

What makes up the VTA?

A

dopamine neurons, GABA neurons and some glutamatergic neurons

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39
Q

How does the reward circuit work

A

Dopamine is released by VTA, directed to dopamine receptors, establish in the nueclue accumbens through the mesolimbic pathway, and prefrontal contex through the mescoritical pathways and amygdala and hippocampus (all parts of the cerebral structure helps to induce addiction)

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40
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

Branch of medicane concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs

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41
Q

What is drug therapy?

A

Directly linked to the pathophysiology of a particular disease

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42
Q

What is the importance of pharmacology in healthcare? (name 4/5)

A

-Treatment of diseases and conditions
-patient care and wellness,
-prevention of disease pain management
-understanding drug interactions
-Personalized management
-Public health initiatives
-Research and development
-Regulation and safety
-Global impact on health

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43
Q

Pharmocokinetics

A

What the body does to a drug

44
Q

What does pharmocokinetics focus on?

A

Understanding how the body processes a drug over time, influencing its concentration in the bloodstream and at target sites

45
Q

What is the focus of phamocodynamics?

A

Understanding the biochemical and physiological effects of a drug on the body and the relationship between drug concentration and response

46
Q

What is pharmocodynamics?

A

What the drug does to the body

47
Q

Are both pharmocodynamics and pharmacokinetics important?

A

Yes because they help us understand how drugs work in a biological system and are essential for optimizing drug therapy in clinical practice

48
Q

What is absorption?

A

How the drug enters the blood stream from the site of administration

49
Q

What is distribution?

A

How the drug is transported throughout the body by the bloodstream, reaching various tissues and organs

50
Q

What is metabolism

A
  • Biotransformation
  • How the body chemically alters the drug to form metabolites that are more easily excrated
51
Q

What is excretion?

A

How the drug and it’s metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through urine, feces, breath, and sweat

52
Q

What is receptor binding?

A

How the drug interacts with specific receptors in the body, influencing cellular and physiological functions

53
Q

What are dose-response relationships?

A

Relationship between the dose of a drug and the effects, including the minimum effective dose, maximum therapeutic effect, and toxic

54
Q

What is potency?

A

Refers to the amount of drug needed for a specific effect

55
Q

What is efficacy?

A

Maximal therapeutical effect a drug can produce

56
Q

What is duration of action?

A

How long the drug’s effects persist in the body

57
Q

What is a drug?

A

Substance that alters biological activity

58
Q

Where do drugs come from?

A
  • Plants, animals, microorganisms
    isolated and refined in a lab
  • Refined and mass produced by man
59
Q

How are drugs classified?

A

By effects

60
Q

What therapeutic actions come from drugs?

A

Stimulating or inhibiting cell function

61
Q

What is the generic name of a drug and an example?

A

Unique, official, simple name for a specific drug
EX: Acetaminophen

62
Q

What is a trade, proprietary, or brand name?

A

What name we would call the drug
EX: Tylenol

63
Q

What is the chemical name?

A

Chemical componate
EX: N-(4-hydroxypheny) acetamine

64
Q

Can drugs have many different effects?

A

YES, can have more that one effect on the body

65
Q

Indication definition

A

Approved for uses to treat conditions for which the drug has been proved to be effective

66
Q

What is an off-lable

A

uses for which the drug has shown effect by is not the approved use

67
Q

What are contraindications?

A

Circumstances under which a drug should not be administered

68
Q

What are side-effects?

A

Mild, undesirable effects of a drug even at the recommended dose

69
Q

What are adverse or toxic effects?

A

Drug effects that are dangerous, cause significant tissue damage

70
Q

Examples of adverse effects?

A

Hypersensitivity, idiosyncratic, Iatrogenic, and Teratogenic

71
Q

What is Hypersensitivity?

A

Allergic reactions

72
Q

What is Idiosyncratic (paradoxic) reactions

A

Unusual responses to a drug

73
Q

What are Iatrogenic effects?

A

Negative effects associated with administration of drug

74
Q

What are teratogenic effects?

A

Harmful effects on fetus, developmental defects

75
Q

What determines the route of a drug?

A

nature of the drug, patient’s condition, and desired therapeutic effects

76
Q

Oral (PO)

A

Medication taken by mouth

77
Q

Intravenous (IV)

A

Meds injected into the bloodstream

78
Q

Intramuscular (IM)

A

Meds injected into muscels

79
Q

Subcutaneous (SC, SQ)

A

Meds injected into tissue just below the skin

80
Q

Topical

A

Meds applied directly onto the skin

81
Q

Inhalation

A

Meds delivered directly respiratory system

82
Q

Rectal (PR)

A

Medication is introduced to the body through the rectum

83
Q

Intrathecal or epidural

A

Meds delivered directly into spinal cord

84
Q

What are drug interactions?

A

Drug effect modified by combination with another drug

85
Q

What is synergism?

A

Effect of drug combination may be greater than the sum of the effects of an individual drugs (were more effective when taken together)

86
Q

What is potentiation?

A

Type of synergism, one drug enhances the effect of a drug without significant effect on it’s own (when one drug is taken, it does okay, but when taken with another drug, does significantly better)

87
Q

Antagonism

A

Combined effect is less than the sum of individual effects and one drug counteracts or diminishes the effect of another (do worse when taken together)

88
Q

PRN stands for?

A

As needed (pro re nata)

89
Q

Hx stands for?

A

History

90
Q

Rx stands for?

A

Prescription, treatment

91
Q

OTC stands for?

A

Over the counter

92
Q

ADR stands for?

A

Adverse drug reaction

93
Q

Sig stands for?

A

Instructions for taking the meds (signa)

94
Q

What does the FDA do?

A

Enforces guidelines for manufactures to ensure safety and effectiveness of medication, under direction of deparment of health and human services

95
Q

What does the Drug enforcement administration do? (DEA)

A
  • Prevent illegal distribution and misues or controlled substances
  • Issues liscenses and enforces the nation’s drug law
96
Q

What did the comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act II do?

A
  • Est. DEA in 1970
  • enforce laws covering controlled substances and their distribution
  • Created stair-step categories of controlled substances (schedules IV)
97
Q

What are controlled substances?

A

Commonly known as narcotics

98
Q

What are narcotics?

A

Derived from opium or opium like substances

99
Q

Where does opium come from and what does it effect

A

Comes from poppy seed plants and has analgesic effects; also affects mood and behavior

100
Q

What substances are opiods?

A

Codeine and morphine and opioids

101
Q

What is the rating of scheduled substances?

A

Rating based on potential for abuse

102
Q

What is the C-I rating and examples?

A

Strongest potential for abuse, no medicinal use in the US
EX: LSD, heroin, and marijuana

103
Q

What is the C-II rating and examples?

A

High potential for abuse, use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence, considered dangerous
EX: Adderal, cocaine, hydrocodone, Methamphetamine, Oxycontin

104
Q

What is the C-III rating and examples?

A

Moderate to low potential for psychological or physical dependence
EX: Ketamine, Anabolic steroids, Testosterone

105
Q

What is the C-IV rating and examples?

A

low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence
EX: Xanax, Darvocet, Valium, Ambien, Tramadol

106
Q

What is the C-V rating and examples?

A

Lower potential for abuse, these are generally OTC medications
EX: Robitussin, Lyrica, Motofen

107
Q
A

Patho (8 decks)

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