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Patho > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

The complex network of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to protect the body from infection

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2
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

helps remove waste products, bacteria, and damaged cells from the body, and provides an important defense against infections

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3
Q

Circulatory

A

Responsible for transporting blood, nutrients, and waste throughout the body

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4
Q

Main functions of lymphatic system

A

immune defense and waste removal

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5
Q

Major structures in the lymphatic system

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils

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6
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

provides a route for excess fluid in tissues to return to the blood

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7
Q

What is lymph?

A

Colorless fluid containing white blood cells, found in tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream

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8
Q

What do lymphs contain?

A

waste products, cellular debris, bacteria, and proteins, as well as lymphocytes!

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9
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Majority of cells in lymph, a type of white blood cell

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10
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Provides immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens, like the first line of defense (blocks the spread of pathogens through out body)

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11
Q

What is considered innate immunity?

A

physical barriers like our skin and stomach acid, as well as cells like macrophages and dendritic cells that attack pathogens

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12
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

More specific and develops after exposure to a particular pathogen

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13
Q

What is considered adaptive immunity?

A

involves specialized cells called B and T lymphocytes which can recognize and attack specific pathogens

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14
Q

What are antigens?

A

a substance from the surface of pathogen

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15
Q

What are antibodies?

A

a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen

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16
Q

What is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)?

A
  • a locus on DNA that codes for cells surface proteins essential for the adaptive immune system
  • Helps our immune system recognize and destroy infected cells (MHC I) or harmful pathogen (MHC II)
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17
Q

MHC 2

A

antigens from outside cells

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18
Q

MHC 1

A

antigens from inside cells
Ex. viruses that have infected the cell

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19
Q

Where is MHC 2 found?

A

Found on special immune cells called antigen-presentings cells (APCs)

20
Q

Where is MHC 1 found?

A

Found anywhere in the body

21
Q

What are T cells?

A

Special immune cells that recognize the antigens and trigger an immune response

22
Q

How many cells can each T cell recognize?

A

Only recognize a specific sequence of a song peptide which helps the immune system target the specific antigens that are causing the infection

23
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies

24
Q

Do B lymphocytles connect to the immune system?

A

Yes, to the adaptive immune system

25
Q

Where does B cell development begin?

A

the bone marrow

26
Q

What happens when B cells grow up?

A

mature and differentiate into antibody secreting cells called plasma cells also known as effector B cells

27
Q

Where do b-cell development migrate too?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs like the spleen

28
Q

What is the order of B cells?

A

Antigen present–>B cell releases antibody–>antibody binds and neutralizes antigen

29
Q

B-cells can remember…

A

specific antigens

30
Q

The memory of B-cells means…

A

a faster and more effective response if the pathogen enters the body?

31
Q

How is understanding B-cell development and antibody production crucial for advancing knowledge of immunology and developing new treatments for disease?

A

B cells remember antigens, use that to help prevent specific diseases. Knowing this helps us know how our body reacts to disease, which can allow for us to try and use these B cells to help people who can’t themselves

32
Q

What is cell mediated immunity also known as?

A

Cellular immunity

33
Q

Does cell mediated immunity involve antibodies?

A

NO

34
Q

How does cell mediated immunity work?

A

Activation of specific immune cells and the release of cytokines in response to an antigen

35
Q

How is cell mediated immunity effective against?

A

Virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, cancer cells displaying tumor antigens, and even delayed transplant rejection

36
Q

How does cell mediated immunity begin?

A

With activation of naive T cells (haven’t encountered an antigen yet)

37
Q

What happens when a naive T cell encounters antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

Converted into activated effector T cells

38
Q

What do APCs do and what are some examples?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells (killers), are presnt antigenic peptides to receptors on T cells, initiating the immune response

39
Q

What does the memory T and B cells do?

A

Recognize and respond to antigens that the body has encountered before

40
Q

Why are the memory of T and B cells good?

A

Faster and more robust immune response, preventing reinfection by the same pathogen

41
Q

Vaccination are…

A

based on the concept of immunological memory

42
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

the system is exposed to a weakened form of the pathogen or part of pathogen to develop immunological memory without causing the disease

43
Q

What do vaccines do?

A

stimulates the production of memory cells

44
Q

The strength and duration of vaccine induced immunological memory can be influenced by various factors such as…

A

Age, genetics, and the nature of the pathogen itself

45
Q

Requiring multiple vaccination helps to create…

A

long-lasting immunity, while others may mutate and evade existing memory cells

46
Q
A

Patho (8 decks)

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