non-experimental designs

Question 1

non-experimental research designs

Answer 1

are used when the researcher wishes to:
- construct a picture of a phenomenon at one point or over a period of time
- explore people, places, events or situations as they naturally occur
- test relationships and differences among variables

if topic is pain look at factors that naturally contribute to pain because not ethical to manipulate IV

Question 2

survey

Answer 2

a design style used when we know very little about the variables
- descriptive, exploratory, comparative

Question 3

correlational studies

Answer 3

investigation between two or more variables to examine the type and strength of the relationship
- not to examine cause and effect

Question 4

developmental studies

Answer 4

examines the relationship, differences and status of variables or phenomena at a point in time
- also examines how the variables or phenomena change over time
includes cross sectional, longitudinal and retrospective

Question 5

cross sectional design

Answer 5

used to examine groups of subjects in various stages of development simultaneously with the intent of inferring trends over time
- data collected occurs once with the participants

Question 6

longitudinal

Answer 6

panel designs used to examine the same subjects over an extended period of time
multiple data collections from the sample over extended periods of time

Question 7

nurses health study

Answer 7

to determine the relationships between hormonal, reproductive, dietary and lifestyle factors, biochemical and genetic factors, with the subsequent risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of female registered nurses
- longitudinal study

Question 8

retrospective or ex post facto

Answer 8

is used to determine meaningful relationships between events that have occurred in the past
- researcher is working backwards
- knows outcome and is attempting to determine the antecedents of this particular outcome

Question 9

methodical research

Answer 9

is focused on developing the validity and reliability of instruments to measure research concepts

Question 10

psychometric research

Answer 10

is focused on the theories and techniques involved in measuring psychological constructs, especially measurement tools

Question 11

systematic review

Answer 11

structured comprehensive synthesis of quantitative studies on a specific topic that determine the best research evidence for expert clinical use to promote evidence based practice

Question 12

meta-analysis

Answer 12

involves the statistical pooling of the results from several studies into one single quantitative analysis
- highest level of analysis of evidence on an interventions efficacy

Question 13

integrative review

Answer 13

critical review of an area of research without a statistical analysis or a theory synthesis

Question 14

secondary analysis

Answer 14

the use of data from a previous research study is reanalyzed for a secondary purpose

Question 15

epidemiological studies

Answer 15

explores factors effecting the health and illness of a population in relation to the environment
- examine rate of disease or illness in a population and examine the disease or illness