NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT AND KHILAFAT AANDOLAN

Question 1

In early 1919, a Khilafat Committee was formed under the leadership of the ________ to force the British government to change its attitude towards Turkey.

Answer 1

1. Ali brothers (Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali)
2. Maulana Azad
3. Ajmal Khan
4. Hasrat Mohani

Question 2

Who was the President of the All India Khilafat Committee?

Answer 2

Gandhi, who was the president of the Khilafat Committee, saw in the issue a platform from which mass and united non cooperation could be declared against the Government.

Question 3

Development of the All India Khilafat Non Cooperation Programme?

Answer 3

At the All India Khilafat Conference held in Delhi in November 1919, a call was made for the boycott of British goods.

Question 4

Congress and Muslim League stand on Khilafat Question?

Answer 4

• Gandhi was in favour of launching satyagraha and non-cooperation against the government on the Khilafat issue, the Congress was not united on this form of political alliance with Muslim action.
• Tilak was opposed to having an alliance with Muslim leaders over a religious issue and he was also-sceptical of satyagraha as an instrument of politics.
• There was opposition to some of the other provisions of the Gandhi’s non-cooperation programme also, such as boycott of councils. Later, however, Gandhi was able to get the approval of the Congress for his programme of political action and the Congress felt inclined to support a non-cooperation programme on the Khilafat question because:-
• it was felt that this was a golden opportunity to cement Hindu-Muslim unity and to bring, Muslim masses into the national movement.
• the Congress was losing faith in constitutional struggle, especially after the Punjab incidents and the blatantly partisan Hunter Committee Report.
• the Congress was aware that the masses, were eager to give expression to their discontent.
• The Muslim League also decided to give full support to the Congress and its agitation on political questions.

Question 5

Treaty of Sevres?

Answer 5

May 1920 The treaty of Sevres with Turkey, signed in May 1920, completely dismembered Turkey.

Question 6

June 1920 An all-party conference at Allahabad approved a programme of boycott of schools, colleges and law courts, and asked Gandhi to lead it.
August 31, 1920 The Khilafat Committee started campaign of non-cooperation and the movement was formally Iaunched. Tilak had, incidentally, breathed his last on August 1, 1920.
September 1920 At a special session in Calcutta, the Congress approved a non-cooperation programme till the Punjab and Khilafat wrongs were removed and swaraj was established. The programme was to include—

Answer 6

• boycott of government schools and colleges.
• boycott of law courts and dispensation of justice through panchayats instead.
• boycott of legislative councils (there were some differences over this as some leaders like C.R. Das were not willing to include a boycott of councils, but bowed to Congress discipline; these leaders boycotted elecfions held in November 1920 and the majority of the voters too stayed away).
• boycott of foreign cloth and use of khadi instead; aIso practice of hand-spinning to be done.
• renunciation of government honours and titles; the second phase could include mass civil disobedience including resignation from government service, and non payment of taxes.

Question 7

Who presided over the special session in Calcutta session of INC in September 1920 when non cooperation programme was approved?

Answer 7

Lala Lajpat Rai.

Question 8

December 1920 Nagpur session of Indian National Congress?

Answer 8

1. The programme of non- cooperation was endorsed.
2. An important change was made in the Congress creed: now, instead of having the attainment of self-government through constitutional means as its goal, the Congress decided to have the attainment of swaraj through peaceful and Iegitimate means, thus committing itself to an extra-constitutional mass struggle.
3. Some important organisational changes were made: a congress working committee (CWC) of 15 members was set up to lead the Congress from now onwards; provincial congress committees on linguistic basis were organised; ward committees was organised; and entry fee was reduced to four annas.
4. Gandhi declared that if the non-cooperation programme was implemented completely, swaraj would be ushered in within a year.
   At this stage some leaders like Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, G.S. Kharpade and B.C. Pal left the Congress as they believed in a constitutional and lawful struggle.

Question 9

Who founded the Indian National Liberal Federation?

Answer 9

Surendranath Banerjee founded the Indian National Liberal Federation after he left Congress after the 1920 Nagpur session of INC.

Question 10

Khilafat Non Cooperation Movement
1. Educational institutions were organised under the leadership of Acharya Narendra Dev, C.R. Das, Lala Lajpat Rai, Zakir Hussain, Subhash Bose (who became the principal of National College at Calcutta) and included Jamia Millia at Aligarh, Kashi Vidyapeeth, Gujarat Vidyapeeth and Bihar Vidyapeeth.
2. Many lawyers gave up their practice, some of whom were Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari, Saifuddin Kitchlew, Vallabhbhai Patel, Asaf Ali, T. Prakasam and Rajendra Prasad.
3. The Tilak Swaraj Fund was oversubscribed and one crore rupees collected.
4. Congress volunteer corps emerged as the parallel police.
True/false?

Answer 10

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True

Question 11

In July 1921, the Ali brothers gave a call to the Muslims to resign from the Army because?

Answer 11

It was unreligious.

Question 12

During Non Cooperation Khilafat Movement a no-tax movement against union board taxes in _____ and in ______ was going on.

Answer 12

Midnapore (Bengal) and in Guntur (Andhra Pradesh).

Question 13

Tea strikes during Non Cooperation Khilafat Movement?

Answer 13

In Assam, strikes in tea plantations, steamer services and Assam Bengal railways had been organised. J.M. Sengupta was a prominent leader in these strikes.

Question 14

Local struggles that emerged during the Non Cooperation Khilafat Movement?

Answer 14

The spirit of Defiance and unrest gave rise to many local struggles such as Awadh Kisan Movement (UP), Eka Movement (UP), Mappila Revolt (Malabar) and the Sikh agitation for the removal of mahants in Punjab.

Question 15

People’s Respones to Non Cooperation Khilafat Movement?
1. Middle class
2. Business class
3. Peasants
4. Students
5. Women
6. Hindu-Muslim unity

Answer 15

1. Middle class– limited participation
2. Business class– supported
3. Peasants– massively participated
4. Students– became active volunteers of the movement and thousands of them left schools and colleges.
5. Women– gave up purdah and offered their ornaments for the Tilak Fund. Took active participation in picketing.
6. Hindu-Muslim unity– massive participation of Muslims. Gandhi and other leaders addressed the Muslim masses from mosques, and Gandhi was even allowed to address meetings of Muslim women in which he was the only male who was not blind-folded.

Question 16

Government response to Non Cooperation Khilafat Movement?

Answer 16

Talks between Gandhi and Reading, the viceroy, broke down in May 1921 as the government wanted Gandhi to urge the Ali brothers to remove those portions from speeches which suggested violence. Gandhi realised that the government was trying to drive a wedge between him and the Khilafat leaders and refused to fall into the trap.

Question 17

Who acted as the President of INC in 1921 Ahmedabad session?

Answer 17

The Ahmedabad session of 1921 (presided over, incidentally, by C.R. Das while still in jail; Hakim Ajmal Khan was the acting president) appointed Gandhi the sole authority on the issue.
On February 1, 1922 Gandhi threatened to launch civil disobedience from Bardoli (Gujarat) if:-
- political prisoners were not released.
- press controls were not removed.

Question 18

Chauri Chaura Incident?

Answer 18

• Chauri-Chaura a place in (Gorakhpur district in United Provinces)– on February 5, 1922 which was to prompt Gandhi to withdraw the movement. The police here had beaten up the leader of a group of volunteers campagning against liquor sale and high food prices, and then opened fire on the crowd which had come to protest before the police station. The agitated crowd torched the police station with policemen inside who had taken shelter there; those who tried to flee were hacked to death and thrown back into the fire. Twenty-two policemen were killed in the violence.
• The Congress Working Committee met at Bardoli in February 1922 and resolved to stop all activity that led to breaking of the law and to get down to constructive work.
• In March 1922, Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years in jail.

Question 19

Other reasons apart from Chauri Chaura incident that led to fizzling out of Non Cooperation Khilafat Movement?

Answer 19

• In November 1922, the people of Turkey rose under Mustafa Kamal Pasha and deprived the sultan of political power.
• Turkey was made a secular state. Thus, the Khilafat question lost its relevance.
• In 1924, the caliphate was abolished.

Question 20

Evaluation of Khilafat Non-cooperation movement?

Answer 20

• The movement brought the urban Muslims into the national movement, but at the same time it communalised the national politics, to an extent.
• The national leaders failed to raise the religious political consciousness of the Muslims to a level of secular political consciousness.

Question 21

Congres goal change to attainment of swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means from attainment of self government through constitutional means in which INC session?

Answer 21

Nagpur Congress Session (December 1920).