DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION Flashcards
The Calcutta Madrasah was established by?
Warren Hastings in 1781 for the study of Muslim law and related subjects.
The Sanskrit College was established by?
Jonathan Duncan, the resident, at Benares in 1791 for study of Hindu law and philosophy.
Fort William College was set up by?
Wellesley in 1800 for training of civil servants of the Company in languages and customs of Indians (closed in 1802).
Charter Act of 1813 regarding education?
- The Charter Act of 1813 incorporated the principle of encouraging learned Indians and promoting knowledge of modern sciences in the country.
- The Act directed the Company to sanction one lakh rupees annually for this purpose. However, even this petty amount was not made available till 1823.
- Meanwhile the efforts of enlightened Indians such as Raja Rammohan Roy bore fruit and a grant was sanctioned for Calcutta College set up in 1817 by educated Bengalis, imparting English education in Western humanities and sciences.
Lord Macaulay’s Minute and downward filtration theory?
- The government soon made English as the medium of instruction in its schools and colleges and opened a few English school and colleges instead of a large number of elementary schools, thus neglecting mass education.
- The British planned to educate a small section of upper and middle classes, thus creating a class.
- “Indian in blood and colour but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect who would act as interpreters between the government and masses and would enrich the vernaculars by which knowledge of Western sciences and literature would reach the masses. This was called the downward filtration theory.
Efforts of Thomson regarding education in India?
James Thomson, lieutenant-governor of NW Provinces (1843-53), developed a comprehensive scheme of village education through the medium of vernacular languages. In these village schools, useful subjects such as mensuration and agriculture sciences were taught. The purpose was to train personnel for the newly set up Revenue and Public Works Department.
Woods Despatch on education?
In 1854, Charles Wood prepared a despatch on an educational system for India. Considered the “‘Magna Carta of English Education in India”, this document was the first comprehensive plan for the spread of education in India.
1. It asked the government of India to assume responsibility for education of the masses, thus repudiating the downward filtration theory at least on paper.
2. It systematised the hierarchy from vernacular primary schools in villages at bottom, followed by Anglo-Vernacular High Schools and an affiliated college at the district Ievel, and affiliating universities in the presidency towns of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.
3. It recommended English as the medium of instruction for higher studies and vernaculars at school level.
4. It laid stress on female and vocational education, and on teachers’ training.
5. It laid down that the education imparted in government institutions should be secular.
6. It recommended a system of grants-in-aid to encourage private enterprise.
The Bethune School was founded by?
J.E.D Bethune at Calcutta (1849) was the first fruit of a powerful movement for education of women which arose in 1840s and 1850s. Bethune was the president of the Council of Education. Mostly due to Bethune’s efforts, girl’ schools were set up on a sound footing and brought under government’s grants-in-aid and inspection system.
Recommendations of Hunter Education Commission?
The Hunter Commission (1882-83) mostly confined its recommendations to primary and secondary education.The Commission—
1. Emphasized that state’s special care is required for extension and improvement of primary education, and that primary education should be imparted through vernacular.
2. Recommended transfer of control of primary education to newly set up district and municipal boards.
3. Recommended that secondary (High School) education should have two divisions—
- literary leading up to university.
- vocational for commercial careers.
4. Drew attention to inadequate facilities for female education, especially outside presidency towns and made recommendations for its spread.
The Punjab university and the Allahabad University were set up in?
- The Punjab university (1882).
- The Allahabad University (1887).
Indian Universities Act, 1904?
In 1902, Raleigh Commission was set up to go into conditions and prospects of universities in India and to suggest measures for improvement in their constitution and working. Based on its recommendations, the Indian Universities Act was passed in 1904. As per the Act:-
1. Universities were to give more attention to study and research.
2. The number of fellows of a university and their period in office were reduced and most fellows were to be nominated by the Government.
3. Government was to have powers to veto universities’ senate regulations and could amend these regulations or pass regulations on its own.
4. Conditions were to be made stricter for affiliation of private colleges.
5. Five lakh rupees were to be sanctioned per annum for five years for improvement of higher education and universities.
Curzon justified greater control over universities in the name of quality and efficiency, but actually sought to restrict education and to discipline the educated towards loyalty to the Government.
The nationalists saw in it an attempt to strengthen imperialism and to sabotage nationalist feelings. Gokhale called it a “retrograde measure”.
Government Resolution on Education Policy— 1913?
- In 1906, the progressive state of Baroda introduced compulsory primary education throughout its territories.
- National leaders urged the government to do so for British India (Gokhale made a powerful advocacy for it in the Legislative Assembly)
- In its 1913 Resolution on Education Policy, the government refused to take up the responsibility of compulsory education, but accepted the policy of removal of illiteracy and urged provincial governments to take early steps to provide free elementary education to the poorer and more backward sections.
Saddler University Commission?
- The commission was set up to study and report on problems of Calcutta University but its recommendations were applicable more or less to other universities also.
- It reviewed the entire field from school education to university education. It held the view that, for the improvement of university education, improvement of secondary education was a necessary pre-condition. Its observations were as follows:
1. School course should cover 12 years. Students should enter university after an intermediate stage (rather than matric) for a three-year degree course in university. This was done to - prepare students for university stage.
- relieve universities of a large number of below university standard students.
- provide collegiate education to those not planning to go through university stage.
- A separate board of secondary and intermediate education should be set up for administration and control of secondary and intermediate education.
2. There should be less rigidity in framing university regulations.
3. A university should function as centralised, unitary residential teaching autonomous body, rather than as scattered affiliated colleges.
4. Female education, applied scientific and technological education, teachers’ training including those for professional and vocational colleges should be extended.
In the period from 1916 to 1921 seven new universities came up at Mysore, Patna, Benaras, Aligarh, Dacca, Lucknow and Osmania.
Education under Dyarchy?
Under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms education was shifted to provincial ministries and the government stopped taking direct interest in educational matters, while government grants, liberally sanctioned since 1902, were now stopped.
Hartog Committee?
The Hartog Committee (1929) was set up to report on development of education. Its main recommendations are as follows.
1. Emphasis should be given to primary education but there need be no hasty expansion or compulsion in education.
2. Only deserving students should go in for high school and intermediate stage, while average students should be diverted to vocational courses after VIII standard.
3. For improvements standards of university education, admissions should be restricted.
