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PROD131 > Non-biological interfaces > Flashcards

Non-biological interfaces Flashcards

1
Q

Biological interface

A

region of contact between a biomolecule, cell, biological tissue, living organism or organic material considered living with another biomaterial or organic/inorganic material

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2
Q

Non-biological interface

A

region of contact between non living entities

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3
Q

Why do we need products for non-biological interfaces

A

surface protection, altering surface properties, decorative

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4
Q

Functions of coating

A

altering surface properties or protection

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5
Q

Altering surface property of coatings

A

adhesion, wettability, aesthetics

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6
Q

Protection of coatings

A

waterproofing, chemical resistance, wear resistance, anti-corrosion, insulation, antimicrobial/anti-fouling

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7
Q

Examples of coatings

A

paints, varnishes, adhesives

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8
Q

Paint formulations

A

solid in liquid dispersion. pigment and other coarse particles in solution of polymer or resin

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9
Q

Modern paints

A

contain latexes which coalesce on surface and form strong and durable film.

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10
Q

Other components in paint

A

corrosion inhibitors, driers, fungicides

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11
Q

History of paint industry

A

early 20th century was rapid development in paint and varnish. mostly based on linseed oil then later ester gum, tung, perilla, soybean…

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12
Q

Natural binders

A

rosin - resin from pine tree sap.
ester gum - rosin + 10% glycerol

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13
Q

Acrylic introduction

A

needed in WWII as there wasn’t enough linseed oil (1940)

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14
Q

Dangerous paints

A

Used before discovering their toxicity.
Scheele’s green, lead

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15
Q

Lead pigments

A

lead(II) chromate, lead(II,IV) oxide, lead(II) carbonate

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16
Q

Primary pigments

A

titanium oxide (white), coloured pigments (organice/inorganic)

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17
Q

Refractive index

A

shows how much light something will absorb or reflect, how good the pigment will be
Large RI = more opaque

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18
Q

TItanium oxide

A

high refractive index. produces white paint. rutile or anatase crystal structures. rutile preferred as higher RI and more chalking resistance

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19
Q

Black pigments

A

carbon black, copper carbonate, manganese dioxide, aniline black

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20
Q

Yellow pigments

A

zinc chromates, cadmium sulphide, iron
oxide or nickel azo yellow

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21
Q

Blue/violet pigments

A

ultramarine, prussian blues, cobalt blue or phthalocyanine, indanthrone
blue or carbazol violet

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22
Q

Red pigments

A

iron oxide, cadmium selenide, red lead,
chrome lead or toluidine red or quinacridones

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23
Q

Pigment colour

A

colour is determined by absorption and reflection of wavelengths of light.

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24
Q

Pigment shape

A

determined by chemical nature, crystalline structure and the way pigment is created

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25
Secondary pigments
extendeders, fillers and supplementary pigments. often low RI. used for cost save, adhesion enhance, water permeability reduce, corrosion resistance
26
Pigment light
narrow size distribution gives max gloss and max light scattering. drying on rough surface affects this
27
Worlds whitest paint
purdue university. reflects 97.9% sunlight. potential to cool exteriors
28
Worlds blackest paint
musou absorbs 99.4% light
29
Wool source pigments
deconstructing wool down to particle/cellular level into pigments. natural alternative
30
Dispersion medium
aqueous or non-aqueous depending on application. consists of binder in liquid. solvent evaporates/absorbs away after application
31
Water based paints
don't crack or become brittle. soft finish, less smooth, no good chemical resistance
32
All other liquids
organic liquids with low molecular weight such as hydrocarbons or oxygenated compounds
33
volatile solvent based (oil)
hard, smooth, thick finish. applied in any weather conditions. can crack/become brittle over time or with UV exposure
34
Solvents
thinners/diluents control flow of wet paint on substrate for smooth and even film. usually mix of solvents used to obtain optimum conditions
35
Factors considered when choosing solvents
solvency, viscosity, boiling point, evaporation rate, flash point, chemical nature, odour, toxicity
36
Solvency
determines miscibility of polymer binder or resin. big effect on attraction between particles.
37
Solvency parameter
Hildebrand solubility: δ δ = (E(v)/V(m))^1/2 energy change required to vaporise 1cm3 of liquid over molar volume of the liquid
38
Polymer δ
average of δvalues of two solvents that dissolve the polymer
39
Binder (film former)
can be low or high molecular weight polymer or aqueous latex or non aqueous dispersion or mix. soluble polymer = high viscos
40
Mechanisms for film formation
thermoplastic, thermosetting or combination.
41
Thermoplastic
cure by drying and coalescence
42
Thermosetting
cure by polymerisation/chemical reactions for cross-linked films
43
Film formation for latexes
emulsion polymers (latexes) most common film former. they coalesce at room temperature and form thermoplastic film
44
How paint dries (basic)
polymer particle dispersions come closer together after water evaporates then the particles deform, coalesce and inter-diffuse between polymer chains
45
Latex paints
bind pigment particles together, allow adhesion to substrate, UV durability, chemical resistance, water-impermeable barrier
46
What is latex
sap from rubber trees. umbrella name for different solid film formers.
47
Methods of preparation of polymer dispersion
emulsion polymerisation or dispersion polymerisation
48
Emulsion polymerisation
monomer is emulsified in nonsolvent in a presence of surfactant. water-soluble initiator makes particles grow in the micelle
49
Dispersion polymerisation
used for nonaqueous latex dispersions. Monomer, initiator, stabiliser and solvent form homogeneous solution. polymer particles precipitate when solubility is exceeded
50
Additives
act as catalysts, thickeners, stabilisers, emulsifiers, texturisers, adhesion promoters, UV stabilisers, flatteners
51
Surfactant paint additives
for paint stability and keep pigments for colour accuracy
52
Biocide paint additives
preservatives to limit microbial growth, fungicides
53
Defoamer paint additives
prevent bubble formation during manufacturing, shaking and application
54
Rheology modifiers
for smooth application and optimal appearance
55
Other paint examples
watercolours, powder coating, lacquers
56
Watercolours
pigments dispersed in water or water-soluble chemical. arabic gum as binder. glycerin and honey additives
57
Powder coating
dry powder (no solvents) with hard tough finish. Applied electrostatically and cured with heat or UV. thermoplastic or thermoset. coating metals
58
Lacquers (glosses)
Nitrocellulose, CAB or acrylic resins. dries to hard shiny coat, more brittle. Thermoplastic
59
Considerations for paint ingredients
performance (protection/aesthetics), application (bursh, spray, roller...), legislation (solvent emissions, toxicity), cost
60
Adhesive
any nonmetallic substance applied to one or both surfaces of two separate items that binds them together and resists their separation
61
Adhesives advantages
bind different materials together, efficient distribution of stress, cost effective, design flexibility
62
Adhesive disadvantages
low stability at high temp, weak when bonding with large objects, difficult separate objects when testing
63
Earliest use adhesive
64
Ancient egyptions adhesive
65
greeks and romans adhesive
66
Types of adhesives (by origin)
natural and synthetic
67
Natural adhesives
from plant sources or animal
68
Plant source adhesives
starch, lignin, sap, dextrin
69
Animal source adhesive
Hides, albumen (from blood), casein (from milk)
70
Synthetic adhesives
elastomers, thermoplastics, thermoset
71
Reactive adhesives
anaerobic, one part, multi part, premixed, frozen
72
Non-reactive adhesives
drying, pressure sensitive, contact, hot
73
Adhesion mechanisms
mechanical, chemical, dispersive, electrostatic, diffusive
74
Mehcanical adhesion
adhesive interlocks with surface (substrate) through pores/rough. wood/textile glue
75
Chemical adhesion
strongest. hydrogen, covalent and ionic bonds between substrate and adhesive functional groups eg super glue
76
Dispersive adhesion
van der waals forces, present in every type of adhesion so is important.
77
Factors affecting adhesion strength
chemical composition, wetting, roughness, macroscopic shape and size
78
Electrostatic adhesion
charged surface of adhesion drawn to opposite charged substrate eg, tape
79
Diffusive adhesion
adhesive polymer is capable of penetrating and entangling with polymetric substrate
80
Boundary layer
surface interface between adhesive and substrate
81
Breakage
occurs in the boundary layer, often due to a non-clean surface
82
Drying adhesives
83
Pressure sensitive adhesives
84
contact adhesives
85
hot adhesives
86
anaerobic adhesives
87
one-part adhesives
88
multi-part adhesives
89
Adhesive componenets
primary resins, solvents, fillers, plasticisers, reinforcements and others
90
Primary resins in adhesives
polymers that determine adhesive application and curing. provide wettability, adhesion, strength, thermal properties, chemical and environment resistance
91
Solvents in adhesives
similar to paints. modify viscosity and evaporate for final curing of adhesive film. dependant on primary resin and application
92
Fillers in adhesives
non-adhesives, perform enhancement properties
93
Plasticisers adhesives
improve flow and flexibility
94
Reinforcements in adhesives
increase mechanical strength
95
Other additives in adhesives
improve properties: antioxidants, thermal stabilisers, UV stabilisers, antistatics, flame retardants, colourants

PROD131 (12 decks)

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