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PROD131 > Non-biological interfaces > Flashcards

Non-biological interfaces Flashcards

1
Q

Biological interface

A

region of contact between a biomolecule, cell, biological tissue, living organism or organic material considered living with another biomaterial or organic/inorganic material

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2
Q

Non-biological interface

A

region of contact between non living entities

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3
Q

Why do we need products for non-biological interfaces

A

surface protection, altering surface properties, decorative

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4
Q

Functions of coating

A

altering surface properties or protection

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5
Q

Altering surface property of coatings

A

adhesion, wettability, aesthetics

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6
Q

Protection of coatings

A

waterproofing, chemical resistance, wear resistance, anti-corrosion, insulation, antimicrobial/anti-fouling

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7
Q

Examples of coatings

A

paints, varnishes, adhesives

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8
Q

Paint formulations

A

solid in liquid dispersion. pigment and other coarse particles in solution of polymer or resin

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9
Q

Modern paints

A

contain latexes which coalesce on surface and form strong and durable film.

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10
Q

Other components in paint

A

corrosion inhibitors, driers, fungicides

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11
Q

History of paint industry

A

early 20th century was rapid development in paint and varnish. mostly based on linseed oil then later ester gum, tung, perilla, soybean…

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12
Q

Natural binders

A

rosin - resin from pine tree sap.
ester gum - rosin + 10% glycerol

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13
Q

Acrylic introduction

A

needed in WWII as there wasn’t enough linseed oil (1940)

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14
Q

Dangerous paints

A

Used before discovering their toxicity.
Scheele’s green, lead

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15
Q

Lead pigments

A

lead(II) chromate, lead(II,IV) oxide, lead(II) carbonate

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16
Q

Primary pigments

A

titanium oxide (white), coloured pigments (organice/inorganic)

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17
Q

Refractive index

A

shows how much light something will absorb or reflect, how good the pigment will be
Large RI = more opaque

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18
Q

TItanium oxide

A

high refractive index. produces white paint. rutile or anatase crystal structures. rutile preferred as higher RI and more chalking resistance

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19
Q

Black pigments

A

carbon black, copper carbonate, manganese dioxide, aniline black

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20
Q

Yellow pigments

A

zinc chromates, cadmium sulphide, iron
oxide or nickel azo yellow

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21
Q

Blue/violet pigments

A

ultramarine, prussian blues, cobalt blue or phthalocyanine, indanthrone
blue or carbazol violet

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22
Q

Red pigments

A

iron oxide, cadmium selenide, red lead,
chrome lead or toluidine red or quinacridones

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23
Q

Pigment colour

A

colour is determined by absorption and reflection of wavelengths of light.

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24
Q

Pigment shape

A

determined by chemical nature, crystalline structure and the way pigment is created

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25
Q

Secondary pigments

A

extendeders, fillers and supplementary pigments. often low RI. used for cost save, adhesion enhance, water permeability reduce, corrosion resistance

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26
Q

Pigment light

A

narrow size distribution gives max gloss and max light scattering. drying on rough surface affects this

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27
Q

Worlds whitest paint

A

purdue university. reflects 97.9% sunlight. potential to cool exteriors

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28
Q

Worlds blackest paint

A

musou absorbs 99.4% light

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29
Q

Wool source pigments

A

deconstructing wool down to particle/cellular level into pigments. natural alternative

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30
Q

Dispersion medium

A

aqueous or non-aqueous depending on application. consists of binder in liquid. solvent evaporates/absorbs away after application

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31
Q

Water based paints

A

don’t crack or become brittle. soft finish, less smooth, no good chemical resistance

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32
Q

All other liquids

A

organic liquids with low molecular weight such as hydrocarbons or oxygenated compounds

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33
Q

volatile solvent based (oil)

A

hard, smooth, thick finish. applied in any weather conditions. can crack/become brittle over time or with UV exposure

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34
Q

Solvents

A

thinners/diluents control flow of wet paint on substrate for smooth and even film. usually mix of solvents used to obtain optimum conditions

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35
Q

Factors considered when choosing solvents

A

solvency, viscosity, boiling point, evaporation rate, flash point, chemical nature, odour, toxicity

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36
Q

Solvency

A

determines miscibility of polymer binder or resin. big effect on attraction between particles.

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37
Q

Solvency parameter

A

Hildebrand solubility: δ
δ = (E(v)/V(m))^1/2
energy change required to vaporise 1cm3 of liquid over molar volume of the liquid

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38
Q

Polymer δ

A

average of δvalues of two solvents that dissolve the polymer

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39
Q

Binder (film former)

A

can be low or high molecular weight polymer or aqueous latex or non aqueous dispersion or mix. soluble polymer = high viscos

40
Q

Mechanisms for film formation

A

thermoplastic, thermosetting or combination.

41
Q

Thermoplastic

A

cure by drying and coalescence

42
Q

Thermosetting

A

cure by polymerisation/chemical reactions for cross-linked films

43
Q

Film formation for latexes

A

emulsion polymers (latexes) most common film former. they coalesce at room temperature and form thermoplastic film

44
Q

How paint dries (basic)

A

polymer particle dispersions come closer together after water evaporates then the particles deform, coalesce and inter-diffuse between polymer chains

45
Q

Latex paints

A

bind pigment particles together, allow adhesion to substrate, UV durability, chemical resistance, water-impermeable barrier

46
Q

What is latex

A

sap from rubber trees. umbrella name for different solid film formers.

47
Q

Methods of preparation of polymer dispersion

A

emulsion polymerisation or dispersion polymerisation

48
Q

Emulsion polymerisation

A

monomer is emulsified in nonsolvent in a presence of surfactant. water-soluble initiator makes particles grow in the micelle

49
Q

Dispersion polymerisation

A

used for nonaqueous latex dispersions. Monomer, initiator, stabiliser and solvent form homogeneous solution. polymer particles precipitate when solubility is exceeded

50
Q

Additives

A

act as catalysts, thickeners, stabilisers, emulsifiers, texturisers, adhesion promoters, UV stabilisers, flatteners

51
Q

Surfactant paint additives

A

for paint stability and keep pigments for colour accuracy

52
Q

Biocide paint additives

A

preservatives to limit microbial growth, fungicides

53
Q

Defoamer paint additives

A

prevent bubble formation during manufacturing, shaking and application

54
Q

Rheology modifiers

A

for smooth application and optimal appearance

55
Q

Other paint examples

A

watercolours, powder coating, lacquers

56
Q

Watercolours

A

pigments dispersed in water or water-soluble chemical. arabic gum as binder. glycerin and honey additives

57
Q

Powder coating

A

dry powder (no solvents) with hard tough finish. Applied electrostatically and cured with heat or UV. thermoplastic or thermoset. coating metals

58
Q

Lacquers (glosses)

A

Nitrocellulose, CAB or acrylic resins. dries to hard shiny coat, more brittle. Thermoplastic

59
Q

Considerations for paint ingredients

A

performance (protection/aesthetics), application (bursh, spray, roller…), legislation (solvent emissions, toxicity), cost

60
Q

Adhesive

A

any nonmetallic substance applied to one
or both surfaces of two separate
items that binds them together
and resists their separation

61
Q

Adhesives advantages

A

bind different materials together, efficient distribution of stress, cost effective, design flexibility

62
Q

Adhesive disadvantages

A

low stability at high temp, weak when bonding with large objects, difficult separate objects when testing

63
Q

Earliest use adhesive

A
64
Q

Ancient egyptions adhesive

A
65
Q

greeks and romans adhesive

A
66
Q

Types of adhesives (by origin)

A

natural and synthetic

67
Q

Natural adhesives

A

from plant sources or animal

68
Q

Plant source adhesives

A

starch, lignin, sap, dextrin

69
Q

Animal source adhesive

A

Hides, albumen
(from blood), casein
(from milk)

70
Q

Synthetic adhesives

A

elastomers, thermoplastics, thermoset

71
Q

Reactive adhesives

A

anaerobic, one part, multi part, premixed, frozen

72
Q

Non-reactive adhesives

A

drying, pressure sensitive, contact, hot

73
Q

Adhesion mechanisms

A

mechanical, chemical, dispersive, electrostatic, diffusive

74
Q

Mehcanical adhesion

A

adhesive interlocks with surface (substrate) through pores/rough. wood/textile glue

75
Q

Chemical adhesion

A

strongest. hydrogen, covalent and ionic bonds between substrate and adhesive functional groups
eg super glue

76
Q

Dispersive adhesion

A

van der waals forces, present in every type of adhesion so is important.

77
Q

Factors affecting adhesion strength

A

chemical composition, wetting, roughness, macroscopic shape and size

78
Q

Electrostatic adhesion

A

charged surface of adhesion drawn to opposite charged substrate
eg, tape

79
Q

Diffusive adhesion

A

adhesive polymer is capable of penetrating and entangling with polymetric substrate

80
Q

Boundary layer

A

surface interface between adhesive and substrate

81
Q

Breakage

A

occurs in the boundary layer, often due to a non-clean surface

82
Q

Drying adhesives

A
83
Q

Pressure sensitive adhesives

A
84
Q

contact adhesives

A
85
Q

hot adhesives

A
86
Q

anaerobic adhesives

A
87
Q

one-part adhesives

A
88
Q

multi-part adhesives

A
89
Q

Adhesive componenets

A

primary resins, solvents, fillers, plasticisers, reinforcements and others

90
Q

Primary resins in adhesives

A

polymers that determine adhesive application and curing. provide wettability, adhesion, strength, thermal properties, chemical and environment resistance

91
Q

Solvents in adhesives

A

similar to paints. modify viscosity and evaporate for final curing of adhesive film. dependant on primary resin and application

92
Q

Fillers in adhesives

A

non-adhesives, perform enhancement properties

93
Q

Plasticisers adhesives

A

improve flow and flexibility

94
Q

Reinforcements in adhesives

A

increase mechanical strength

95
Q

Other additives in adhesives

A

improve properties: antioxidants, thermal stabilisers, UV stabilisers, antistatics, flame retardants, colourants

PROD131 (12 decks)

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