Biological Systems for Formulations

Question 1

Biological interface

Answer 1

boundary or interaction point between two biological (or non) systems

Question 2

Aspects of biological interface

Answer 2

interaction with bio tissues, biocompatibility and safety, targeted delivery, plant-based formulations

Question 3

Biomimicry

Answer 3

materials created inspired by design in nature

Question 4

Human GI tract

Answer 4

open ended epithelium-lined tube from mouth to anus

Question 5

Main steps of digestion

Answer 5

ingestion, propulsion, mechanical breakdown, enzyme digestion, absorption, defecation

Question 6

Layers of the GI tract

Answer 6

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Question 7

Mucosa

Answer 7

inner most layer, directly contact with digestive system. 3 sub layers

Question 8

3 sub layers of mucosa

Answer 8

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

Question 9

Epithelium

Answer 9

innermost sublayer, responsible for absorbing nutrients and secreting mucus, enzymes and hormones

Question 10

Lamina propria

Answer 10

blood vessels and connective tissue support the epithelium

Question 11

Muscularis mucosae

Answer 11

thin layer of smooth muscle help to move and fold mucosa

Question 12

Submucosa

Question 13

Muscularis externa

Question 14

Serosa

Question 15

Digestive enzymes

Answer 15

proteins essential for breaking down macromolecules into smaller

Question 16

Enzyme classes

Answer 16

carbohydrases, protease, lipase

Question 17

Bollus

Answer 17

food when leaving esophagus

Question 18

Chyme

Answer 18

food when leaving the stomach

Question 19

Small intestine

Answer 19

villi and microvilli absorb nutrients into bloodstream and lymphatic system

Question 20

Stomach

Answer 20

mechanical and chemical digestion

Question 21

sublingual delivery

Answer 21

under the tongue

Question 22

Buccal delivery

Answer 22

through the lining of the cheek

Question 23

Factors to consider with sublingual/buccal delivery

Answer 23

both avoid first pass metabolism. consider permeability, blood flow and time.

Question 24

Formulation considerations with sublingual/buccal delivery

Question 25

Human skin basic layers

Answer 25

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis/subcutis

Question 26

Human skin system

Answer 26

integumentary

Question 27

Skin function

Answer 27

retention of moisture and prevention of permeation, regulation body temp, protect from microbes, sensation

Question 28

Epidermis

Answer 28

outer layer. stratified epithelium tissue - 5 layers. No blood vessels. gets nutrients through diffusion through dermis

Question 29

Epidermis layers

Answer 29

stratum corneum (SC), stratum lucidum (lucid), stratum granulosum (granules), stratum spinosum (spine), stratum basale (base)

Question 30

Cells in epidermis

Answer 30

keratinocytes, melanocytes (melanin), langerhan cells (immunity), merkel cells (touch)

Question 31

Epidermal barrier structure

Answer 31

Brick (corneocytes) and mortar (lipids). penetration happens through lipids.

Question 32

Cornification

Question 33

Keratinisation

Answer 33

movement of keratinocytes up through epidermis to form rigid layer of keratin, microfilaments and microtubules

Question 34

Desquamation

Answer 34

process of getting rid of dead skin cell layers from SC - 28 days

Question 35

Corneocytes

Answer 35

tightly packed water resistant dead cells linked by junctions. contain natural moisturising factor (NMF)

Question 36

Mortar

Answer 36

lipid material called intercellular lamellar lipids

Question 37

Epidermal barrier functions

Question 38

Oxidative stress on skin

Answer 38

leads to damage contributing to aging, inflammation and disease. Skin has defense mechanisms to reduce this

Question 39

Skin defense mechanism against oxidative stress

Answer 39

antioxidant enzymes and molecules, melanin, physical, repair mechanisms, detoxification

Question 40

Main types of human skin

Answer 40

oily, dry, combination, normal, aging, sensitive

Question 41

Oily skin

Answer 41

larger pores, shininess, sebum, acne prone

Question 42

Dry skin

Answer 42

fine pores, matte, wrinkles (premature aging), compromised moisture barrier

Question 43

Interaction of cosmetics on skin

Answer 43

absorption, penetration, skin barrier integrity, tolerance, sensitivity, moisture, hydration, surface effects, long-term benefits

Question 44

Hair follicles

Answer 44

skin appendage. protect from sun, decrease friction, regulate body temp, sensory organ

Question 45

Hair mechanism

Answer 45

arrector pili muscle contracts and expands to make the hair stand (eg goosebumps).

Question 46

Hair structure

Answer 46

shaft (outside), root: cuticle, cortex, medulla. bulb at the root, papilla supplies blood

Question 47

Penetration pathways through skin

Answer 47

transepidermal (first), transappendageal (second)

Question 48

Transepidermal

Answer 48

large surface area of SC, drug penetrates in/between cells

Question 49

Transappendageal

Answer 49

delivery through hair follicles or sweat glands necessary for polar or ionisable or large macromolecules, small absorption area

Question 50

Transdermal delivery of molecules

Answer 50

drugs need specific solubility in water and oil and smaller size.

Question 51

Transdermal patches

Answer 51

single or multi layer drug in adhesive. control release of drug that sticks to skin