Microbiological Considerations

Question 1

Microbiology

Question 2

Microscopic organisms

Question 3

History

Question 4

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

Question 5

Microbes

Answer 5

abundant in nature, compromised of lots of species.

Question 6

Pure culture

Answer 6

the propagation of microorganisms or of living tissue cells in special media that are conductive to their growth

Question 7

Colonies

Answer 7

Koch devised methods for study of microorganisms. smearing bacteria on sterile glass, watching individual cells

Question 8

Useful bacteria

Answer 8

help digest food to gain nutrients, make vitamins, clean water, make medicine, make food

Question 9

Bateria in medicine

Answer 9

engineered bacteria (eg, insulin), penicillin

Question 10

Microorganism types

Answer 10

bacteria, archea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses, parasites

Question 11

Hyaluronic acid

Answer 11

microbial polymer which is already available on the skin. boosts moisture retention, reduce wrinkles, makes skin elastic and firm

Question 12

Human microbiom

Answer 12

home of millions of bacteria in several body parts. Gut, throat, mouth, skin…

Question 13

Bacteria

Question 14

Archea

Question 15

Protozoa

Answer 15

complex unicellular, special structures that gain food. largest group of microbes

Question 16

Algae

Answer 16

multicellular, photosynthesis, wet environments, produce oxygen, can be counter intuitive if too much

Question 17

Fungi

Answer 17

mushrooms, moulds, yeast. multicellular, release spores to reproduce. turn dead leaves into nutrition for host

Question 18

Viruses

Answer 18

non-living non-cellular, reproduce outside host, can’t self metabolise

Question 19

Parasite

Answer 19

living multi cellular animals (worms), cause disease

Question 20

Microbial stability

Answer 20

microbes affect quality of formulations, may contain microflora introduced from throughout process, determines shelf life

Question 21

Why we need microbial testing

Answer 21

regulation and protection for consumers. most cosmetics are considered growth media for microorganisms

Question 22

Right environment for microbes

Answer 22

moisture, pH, temp, nutrient availability, redox potential

Question 23

Conditions of oxygenation

Question 24

Microbial contamination

Answer 24

dependant on formulation, decrease effectiveness, change appearance

Question 25

Microflora

Answer 25

groups of microorganisms

Question 26

Sources of contamination throughout production

Answer 26

harvest, synthesis, processing, equipment, packaging, shipping, shelf, storage

Question 27

Water

Answer 27

basic part of biology, formulations and cleaning. Lots of contamination comes from it.

Question 28

Processes

Answer 28

pharmacopeia contains regulations for test of non-sterile and sterile products. conditions of process affect stability and microbial activity

Question 29

Manufacturing environment/personnel

Answer 29

easy contamination onto products. regulations and policies for who is allowed

Question 30

Sampling for microbial testing

Answer 30

homogenising, filtering, swabbing, rinsing, scraping

Question 31

Microbial testing

Answer 31

qualitative/quantitative tests, identification tests, conventional culturing, rapid detection

Question 32

Conventional culturing microbial testing

Answer 32

growing bacteria in a sample then observing it, can see total viable count (TVC) of colonies and further investigate them

Question 33

Pros and cons conventional culturing methods

Answer 33

reliable, efficient, sensitive, used in range of applications. Time consuming

Question 34

Rapid detection methods

Answer 34

general and specific commercial kits which identify microorganisms

Question 35

Immunological methods

Answer 35

rapid microbe detecting. protein molecules (antibodies) detect antigens in sample. expensive

Question 36

Molecular methods

Answer 36

DNA from body is amplified through polymer chain reactions (PCR) which can then detected genome sequencing

Question 37

Testing formulations

Answer 37

natural and sustainable cosmetic products serve as growth for microbes, preservation required

Question 38

Sample preparations

Answer 38

specific standards for testing contamination

Question 39

Most toxic compounds on earth

Answer 39

botulinum toxin, produced by anaerobic bacteria. A natural protein

Question 40

Preservatives

Answer 40

antimicrobial compounds added to formulations to protect product and consumer

Question 41

Attributes of preservation system

Question 42

Factors considered when choosing preservative

Answer 42

formulation susceptibility, ingredient compatibility, chemical properties, type of formulation/packaging, processing, order of addition, GMP

Question 43

Physical preservation

Answer 43

decreasing water, radiation, cold storage

Question 44

Chemical preservation

Answer 44

antimicrobials, antioxidants

Question 45

Efficacy of preservation

Question 46

Traditional preservation

Answer 46

smoking, salting, dehydration, canning, pickling, sugaring, fermenting, acidity

Question 47

Inhibiting microbial growth

Answer 47

changing chemical properties or direct targeted microbes

Question 48

GMP

Answer 48

good manufacturing practises. universal concept to make pharmaceutical products safe and consistent

Question 49

Caution with preservatives

Answer 49

interact with excipients, certain pH range, either bacteria or fungi but not both, skin reactions

Question 50

Regulations

Answer 50

companies and individuals who sell cosmetics are responsible for safety GMP has improved quality control

Question 51

MEDSAFE

Answer 51

NZ authority responsible for regulation

Question 52

Cosmetic NZ

Question 53

Other regulatory bodies in NZ/AUS

Question 54

Global regulatory agencies

Answer 54

WHO, food and agricultural organisation of UN, codex alimentarius, international conference on harmonisation

Question 55

Legislation NZ

Answer 55

trans pacific partnership agreement, hazardous substances and new organisms act 1996