Nitrogen compounds Flashcards
What is the amine functional group?
NH2
What is a quaternary amine also known as?
Ammonium salt.
Why are amines basic?
Lone pair on N can accept protons to form a dative covalent bond between the lone pair and a proton.
Can neutralise acids.
How are aliphatic amines made?
NH3 acts as a nucleophile - nucleophilic substitution. Haloalkane + NH3 in excess alcohol to prevent further substitution.
How are aromatic amines made?
Reduction of nitrobenzene - reflux with tin and HCl to form ammonium salt and phenylammonium chloride.
React with excess NaOH to form phenylamine.
What does amphoteric mean?
Have both basic and acidic functionality.
What is a zwitterion?
Species with both positive and negative charge on the same molecule.
What happens when an alkali is added to an amino acid?
Takes proton from COOH part –> salt + H2O
What happens when an acid is added to an amino acid?
Makes salts. Amino acids are easily esterified by heating with alcohol and conc H2SO4.
How are amides formed?
Acyl chlorides + NH3 + amines.
What is an optical isomer?
Species which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
Contain chiral centre - must be asymmetric.
How are nitriles reduced?
Add H2 + Ni catalyst. CN is added (from haloalkanes with NaCN in ethanol.)
Can also form COOH by hydrolysis - heating with dilute acid.
What are the properties of an addition polymer?
C=C breaks, from alkenes, main chain is C-C so has strong bonds.
What are the properties of a condensation polymer?
Join monomers with different functional groups - amine/alcohol + COOH.
Biodegradable - can add water.
How do condensation polymers form?
2 different functional groups are bonded with the release of a small molecule.
To make polyester: COOH + OH.
To make polyamide: dicarboxylic acid + monomer with 2 amine groups.
