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Chemistry > Carbonyls > Flashcards

Carbonyls Flashcards

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1
Q

what compounds are carbonyls?

A

aldehydes and ketones

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2
Q

what are aldehydes oxidised to using which conditions?

A

carboxylic acids with reflux and acidified Cr2O7-2 / H+

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3
Q

do ketones oxidise?

A

no

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4
Q

what reaction mechanism is it?

A

nucleophilic addition

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5
Q

do aldehydes form primary or secondary alcohols?

A

primary

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6
Q

what is the cyanide ion?

A

CN-

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7
Q

what can CN- do?

A

increase the carbon chain length

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8
Q

what is needed to form CN-?

A

H2SO4 and NaCN

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9
Q

what is formed from a reaction with CN-?

A

hydroxynitrile

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10
Q

what detects a carbonyl group?

A

Brady’s reagent

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11
Q

what solid does Brady’s reagent form?

A

orange precipitate

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12
Q

what is Tollen’s reagent used for?

A

to test for an aldehyde by forming a silver mirror

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13
Q

how can you purify an aldehyde?

A

with recrystallisation

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14
Q

what is the shape of a carboxylic acid functional group?

A

trigonal planar

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15
Q

what affects solubility of carboxylic acids?

A

carbon chain length

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16
Q

are carboxylic acids weak acids?

A

yes

17
Q

what reactions do carboxylic acids undergo?

A

redox with metals and neutralisation with bases

18
Q

what is the test for a carboxylic acid?

A

reaction with carbonate

19
Q

what group do carboxylic acid derivatives contain?

A

acyl

20
Q

how is an acid anhydride formed?

A

removal of water from 2 carboxylic acids

21
Q

what is esterification?

A

the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to form an ester

22
Q

how do you name an ester?

A

part 1 from alcohol, part 2 from acid

23
Q

what do acid anhydrides react similarly to?

A

acyl chlorides and carboxylic acids

24
Q

how is an ester hydrolysed?

A

by an aqueous acid or alkali under reflux to form a carboxylic acid and alcohol

25
Q

what are the conditions for acid hydrolysis of esters?

A

heated under reflux, dilute aqueous acid (catalyst)

26
Q

is the acid hydrolysis of esters reversible?

A

yes

27
Q

is the alkali hydrolysis of esters reversible?

A

no

28
Q

what are the conditions for alkali hydrolysis of esters?

A

reflux with aqueous OH- to form a carboxylic acid salt and alcohol

29
Q

how are acyl chlorides formed?

A

reacting acids with thionyl chloride at room temperature

30
Q

what are the properties of acyl chlorides?

A

very reactive with high yields. react with nucleophiles by losing Cl-. must be kept dry or will reform a carboxylic acid and hydrogen chloride

31
Q

why is SOCl2 used instead of SO2?

A

SO2 is toxic as it can form H2SO4 with water vapour. can be inhaled

32
Q

why is HCl hazardous?

A

it can react violently and forms dense fumes

33
Q

what do acyl chlorides form with alcohols?

A

esters and HCl

34
Q

do acyl chlorides react with phenols?

A

yes, to form phenol esters

35
Q

how are primary and secondary amides formed?

A

primary: ammonia to form
X-anamide
secondary: primary amines

Chemistry (21 decks)

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