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F*ck > Nitrate > Flashcards

Nitrate Flashcards

1
Q

Why does nitrate accumulate in the plant?

A

Nitrate is supposed to convert nitrite then to ammonia then to plant protein.

If nitrate-to-nitrite is reduced, nitrate will accumulate in the plant

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2
Q

What type of soil will increase plant nitrate?

A

Moisture, acidic, low molybdenum, sulfer or phosphorus, low temperature, drought

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3
Q

T/F decreased light reduces activity of nitrate reductase (nitrate accumulation)

A

True

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4
Q

T/F use of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides increases nitrate accumulation in the plant

A

True

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5
Q

T/F Old plants have higher nitrate than young plants

A

False, young plants have more

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6
Q

What are some causes for increased nitrates/nitrites in the animal?

A

Rapid ingestion of forages in high nitrate fertilizer or overdose of sodium nitrate IV (vasodilator)

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7
Q

T/F ruminants are most susceptible to nitrate poisoning

A

True

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8
Q

T/F horses are resistant and pigs are sensitive

A

False, other way around

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9
Q

Which is more toxic, nitrate or nitrite?

A

Nitrite is 10 times more toxic that nitrate

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10
Q

Are younger animals more susceptible or older animals?

A

Young

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11
Q

What diseases could increase toxicity of nitrate?

A

Anemia and Methymoglobinemia

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12
Q

What has a longer half life, nitrate or nitrite?

A 
Nitrate = 4-48hrs
Nitrite = 1hr
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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action for ACUTE nitrite toxicosis

A

Nitrite interacts with 2 hemoglobins.
Ferrous iron is converted to ferric.
Hemoglobin is converted to methemoglobin.

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14
Q

What % methemoglobinemia do you need for anoxemic death?

A

80%

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15
Q

Does nitrite cause fetal death?

A

Yes, methemoglobinemia crosses placenta

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of action in CHRONIC nitrate toxicosis?

A

Nitrate decreases progesterone leading to abortion

17
Q

Clinical signs of nitrate toxicosis?

A

Rapid death within 30min to 4 hours.

Dyspnea, ataxia, cyanosis

18
Q

What is the only postmortem sample stable enough to detect nitrate toxicosis?

A

Ocular fluid

19
Q

What two tests can you do to dx at post mortem?

A

Concentration of methemoglobin
Or
Diphenylamine test - dark blue color indicates positive test for nitrate (qualitative)

20
Q

Differentials for nitrate toxicosis?

A

Hemolytic agents, carbon monoxide, cardiac toxicants

21
Q

What is the treatment for nitrate toxicosis?

A

Methylene blue IV slowly

Not in cats

22
Q

What is the prognosis?

A

Bad,mutually die before treatment bc death is so rapid

23
Q

What plants are involved in nitrate poisoning?

A 
Pigweed
Johnson grass
Alfalfa
Corn/maize
Lambs quarters
Sweet clover
24
Q

What part of the plant is most and least toxic?

A 
Most = stalk
Least = seed/flower

F*ck (9 decks)

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