Glycosides YEAH

Question 1

What is the mechanism of action for anthraquinone glycosides (coffe/aloe)?

Answer 1

Purgative (diarrhea)

Also skeletal and cardiac muscle damage leading to myoglobinuria and coffee colored urine

Question 2

What is the toxin in Coffeeweed senna?

Answer 2

Unknown

Question 3

What will horses die from if exposed to too much anthraquinone glycosides (coffe/aloe)?

Answer 3

Liver failure NOT muscle degeneration

Question 4

What are your calcinogenic glycosides (vitamin D analogs)?

Answer 4

Day blooming jasmine and turkey berry

Question 5

What is the mechanism of action for calcinogenic glycosides?

Answer 5

Hypercalcemia

Calcification of elastic tissues leading to lameness

Question 6

What is you carboxyatractyloside - sulfated glycoside?

Answer 6

Cocklebur

Question 7

What is the mechanism of action of cocklebur

Answer 7

Hepatotoxicity and salivation.

*may be some renal damage or hypoglycemia

Question 8

What are some cardiac glycosides?

Answer 8

Foxglove
Oleander
Periwinkle
Lily of the valley
Milkweed
Desert rose
Frangipani
CHRISTMAS KALLANCHOE

Question 9

What is a coumarin glycoside?

Answer 9

Sweet clover

Question 10

What drug has a similar mechanism of action to sweet clover?

Answer 10

Warfarin.

Hemorrhage by inhibiting vit K epoxide reductase leading to a deficiency of coag factors

Question 11

Is all sweet clover toxic?

Answer 11

Nah.

Needs to under go hydrolysis a.k.a. Spoiled
Fresh is not toxic

Question 12

What are your cyanogenic glycosides?

Answer 12

Wild cherries
Sorghum
Elderberry
Hydrangeas

Question 13

Mechanism of action in ACUTE cyanogenic glycoside poisoning

Answer 13

Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration.
Vasoconstriction and inhibition of glycolysis.

Question 14

Mechanism of action in CHRONIC cyanogenic glycoside poisoning

Answer 14

Neuronal degeneration and anti Thyroid!

Question 15

What are your cyasin plants?

Answer 15

Sago palm and cardboard Palm (zamiacae)

Question 16

What are the three toxins in your sago Palm?

Answer 16

1. Cyasin - liver failure, teratogenic, and carcinogenic
2. BMAA - neurotoxic
3. Unknown toxin - atonal degeneration in CNS

Question 17

What does zamiaceae (a cyacasin) cause in cattle?

Answer 17

Zamia staggers

Ataxia, weakness, weightloss, and GI/liver signs

Question 18

What are your glucosinolate - thiocyanate glycosides ?

Answer 18

Rape seed, kale, broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, turnip, and cauliflower

Also soybean and flax

Question 19

What is the mechanism of action of your vegetables, soy, and flax?

Answer 19

Anti thyroid with chronic accumulation

Question 20

What is your nitropropanolol glucoside?

Answer 20

Milkvetch

Question 21

What is the mechanism of action of milkvetch

Answer 21

Inhibits Kreb cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 22

Phytoestrogens are your….

Answer 22

White clover and alfalfa

Question 23

What is the MOA of white clover and alfalfa?

Answer 23

Bind to estrogen receptors in both genders causing infertility. Also decreased libido and feminization in males

Question 24

What are your protoanemonins?

Answer 24

Buttercups! Ranunculus

Question 25

What is the mechanism of action of your buttercups (protoanemonins)?

Answer 25

Volatile oil that causes GI irritation and dermatitis

Question 26

What is your ptaquiloside?

Answer 26

Bracken fern

Question 27

What causes bright blindness in sheep?

Answer 27

Bracken fern.... Retinal degeneration and upper GI issues

Question 28

What is the mechanism of action for bracken fern?

Answer 28

Death of precursor cells in the bone marrow leads to aplastic anemia. ALSO neoplasms occur in the urinary tract leading to enzootic bovine hematuria

Question 29

What causes enzootic bovine hematuria?

Answer 29

Bracken fern

Question 30

What are you steroidal saponins?

Answer 30

Agave and nolina

Question 31

What is the mechanism of action of agave (steroidal saponin)?

Answer 31

Secondary photosensitization at the liver

Question 32

What is gossypol?

Answer 32

Cottonseed

Question 33

What is the most toxic part of gossypol/cotton seed?

Answer 33

The seed! The cottonseed oil is NOT toxic. Remember only free gossypol is toxic!

Question 34

What are two ways to decrease gossypol toxicity?

Answer 34

Heat (changes to less toxic form) | Iron (binds and decreases toxicity)

Question 35

What animals are more sensitive to gossypol?

Answer 35

Monogastrics are more sensitive than ruminants

Question 36

What are your anthraquinone glycosides?

Answer 36

Coffeeweed senna | Aloe