Glycosides YEAH Flashcards
What is the mechanism of action for anthraquinone glycosides (coffe/aloe)?
Purgative (diarrhea)
Also skeletal and cardiac muscle damage leading to myoglobinuria and coffee colored urine
What is the toxin in Coffeeweed senna?
Unknown
What will horses die from if exposed to too much anthraquinone glycosides (coffe/aloe)?
Liver failure NOT muscle degeneration
What are your calcinogenic glycosides (vitamin D analogs)?
Day blooming jasmine and turkey berry
What is the mechanism of action for calcinogenic glycosides?
Hypercalcemia
Calcification of elastic tissues leading to lameness
What is you carboxyatractyloside - sulfated glycoside?
Cocklebur
What is the mechanism of action of cocklebur
Hepatotoxicity and salivation.
*may be some renal damage or hypoglycemia
What are some cardiac glycosides?
Foxglove Oleander Periwinkle Lily of the valley Milkweed Desert rose Frangipani CHRISTMAS KALLANCHOE
What is a coumarin glycoside?
Sweet clover
What drug has a similar mechanism of action to sweet clover?
Warfarin.
Hemorrhage by inhibiting vit K epoxide reductase leading to a deficiency of coag factors
Is all sweet clover toxic?
Nah.
Needs to under go hydrolysis a.k.a. Spoiled
Fresh is not toxic
What are your cyanogenic glycosides?
Wild cherries
Sorghum
Elderberry
Hydrangeas
Mechanism of action in ACUTE cyanogenic glycoside poisoning
Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration.
Vasoconstriction and inhibition of glycolysis.
Mechanism of action in CHRONIC cyanogenic glycoside poisoning
Neuronal degeneration and anti Thyroid!
What are your cyasin plants?
Sago palm and cardboard Palm (zamiacae)
What are the three toxins in your sago Palm?
- Cyasin - liver failure, teratogenic, and carcinogenic
- BMAA - neurotoxic
- Unknown toxin - atonal degeneration in CNS
What does zamiaceae (a cyacasin) cause in cattle?
Zamia staggers
Ataxia, weakness, weightloss, and GI/liver signs
What are your glucosinolate - thiocyanate glycosides ?
Rape seed, kale, broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, turnip, and cauliflower
Also soybean and flax
What is the mechanism of action of your vegetables, soy, and flax?
Anti thyroid with chronic accumulation
What is your nitropropanolol glucoside?
Milkvetch
What is the mechanism of action of milkvetch
Inhibits Kreb cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
Phytoestrogens are your….
White clover and alfalfa
What is the MOA of white clover and alfalfa?
Bind to estrogen receptors in both genders causing infertility. Also decreased libido and feminization in males
What are your protoanemonins?
Buttercups! Ranunculus
What is the mechanism of action of your buttercups (protoanemonins)?
Volatile oil that causes GI irritation and dermatitis
What is your ptaquiloside?
Bracken fern
What causes bright blindness in sheep?
Bracken fern…. Retinal degeneration and upper GI issues
What is the mechanism of action for bracken fern?
Death of precursor cells in the bone marrow leads to aplastic anemia.
ALSO neoplasms occur in the urinary tract leading to enzootic bovine hematuria
What causes enzootic bovine hematuria?
Bracken fern
What are you steroidal saponins?
Agave and nolina
What is the mechanism of action of agave (steroidal saponin)?
Secondary photosensitization at the liver
What is gossypol?
Cottonseed
What is the most toxic part of gossypol/cotton seed?
The seed! The cottonseed oil is NOT toxic.
Remember only free gossypol is toxic!
What are two ways to decrease gossypol toxicity?
Heat (changes to less toxic form)
Iron (binds and decreases toxicity)
What animals are more sensitive to gossypol?
Monogastrics are more sensitive than ruminants
What are your anthraquinone glycosides?
Coffeeweed senna
Aloe
