New - Ch 5 (NoteLM)

Question 1

Discriminant Validity

Answer 1

The extent to which a measure does not correlate with measures of different constructs.

Question 2

Convergent Validity

Answer 2

The extent to which a measure correlates with other measures of the same or similar constructs.

Question 3

Criterion Validity

Answer 3

The extent to which a measure is related to an outcome or behavior that it should be related to.

Question 4

Content Validity

Answer 4

the extent to which a measure covers all aspects of the construct it is intended to measure.

Question 5

Face Validity

Answer 5

The extent to which a measure appears, on the surface, to measure what it is intended to measure.

Question 6

Validity

Answer 6

The extent to which a measure accurately assesses the construct it is intended to measure.

Question 7

Correlation Coefficient (r)

Answer 7

A statistical measure that quantifies the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables.

Ranges from -1 to +1, where -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation, and 0 indicates no linear correlation.

Question 8

Kappa Coefficient

Answer 8

Measures inter-rater reliability or agreement between two raters for categorical variables.

Ranges from -1 to +1, where 1 indicates perfect agreement, 0 indicates agreement equivalent to chance, and negative values suggest less agreement than expected by chance.

Question 9

Internal Reliability

Answer 9

Consistency of responses across multiple items within a measure.

Question 10

Interrater Reliability

Answer 10

Consistency of scores obtained by different observers rating the same behavior or event.

Question 11

Test-Retest Reliability

Answer 11

Consistency of scores on a measure across multiple administrations.

Question 12

Measurement Error

Answer 12

The difference between the observed score and the true score, caused by factors that distort the measurement.

Question 13

True Score

Answer 13

A hypothetical score that represents a participant’s actual standing on a construct, without any measurement error.

Question 14

Observed Score

Answer 14

The score obtained on a measure, which includes both the true score and measurement error.

Question 15

Reliability

Answer 15

The consistency of a measure.

Question 16

Ratio Scale

Answer 16

A measurement scale where data is ordered, intervals between values are equal, and there is a true zero point.

Question 17

Interval Scale

Answer 17

A measurement scale where data is ordered, intervals between values are equal, but there is no true zero point.

Question 18

Ordinal Scale

Answer 18

A measurement scale that ranks data in order, but the intervals between the ranks are not necessarily equal.

Question 19

Nominal Scale

Answer 19

A measurement scale that categorizes data into distinct groups with no inherent order.

Question 20

Physiological Measure

Answer 20

A method of data collection that involves recording biological data, such as heart rate, brain activity, or hormone levels.

Question 21

Observational Measure

Answer 21

A method of data collection where researchers directly observe and record participants’ behavior.

Question 22

Self-Report Measure

Answer 22

A method of data collection where participants report on their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Question 23

Operational Definition

Answer 23

A specific description of how a concept will be measured or manipulated in a study.

Question 24

Conceptual Definition:

Answer 24

A theoretical explanation of a concept.

Question 25

Differentiate between conceptual definitions and operational definitions in research.

Answer 25

Conceptual definitions describe the theoretical meaning of a concept, while operational definitions specify how the concept is measured or manipulated in a study.

Question 26

List and briefly describe the three main types of measures used in psychology.

Answer 26

The three main types of measures are: (1) Self-report, where participants provide information about themselves; (2) Observational, where researchers directly observe and record behavior; and (3) Physiological, where biological processes are measured.

Question 27

What are the four scales of measurement, and how do they differ?

Answer 27

The four scales are: (1) Nominal, which categorizes data without order; (2) Ordinal, which ranks data in order but without equal intervals; (3) Interval, which has ordered categories with equal intervals but no true zero; and (4) Ratio, which has equal intervals and a true zero point.

Question 28

Explain the concept of reliability in the context of psychological measurement.

Answer 28

Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. A reliable measure produces similar results under consistent conditions, indicating low measurement error.

Question 29

Describe the relationship between observed score, true score, and measurement error.

Answer 29

Observed score is the actual score obtained on a measure, which is influenced by the true score (the hypothetical error-free score) and measurement error (factors that distort the observed score from the true score).

Question 30

Compare and contrast test-retest reliability and internal reliability.

Answer 30

Test-retest reliability assesses consistency of scores over time, while internal reliability examines consistency of responses across multiple items within a measure.

Question 31

How is a correlation coefficient used to assess reliability?

Answer 31

A correlation coefficient (r) quantifies the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables, reflecting reliability. A high positive correlation indicates strong reliability.

Question 32

Define validity in terms of psychological measurement.

Answer 32

Validity refers to whether a measure accurately assesses the construct it is intended to measure.

Question 33

Explain how criterion validity is established for a measure.

Answer 33

Criterion validity is established by demonstrating a measure’s correlation with a relevant behavioral outcome. For example, a valid aptitude test should predict actual job performance.

Question 34

What is the difference between convergent and discriminant validity?

Answer 34

Convergent validity refers to the degree to which a measure correlates with other measures of the same or similar constructs, while discriminant validity refers to the degree to which a measure does not correlate with measures of different constructs.