Neurulation - Cole Flashcards
cell migration and specificatio in gastrulation controled by this TF made by which cells?
FGF8
by primtiive streak cells
secereted factors by Anterior visceral endoderm for head formation
cerberus & lefty
forms ventral meso from primitive streak
BMP-4
TF forming dorsal meso from primitive node
activin
goosecoid importnat in formation of body axis, can lead to
two-headed tadpole
conjoined twins
absence of brachyury gene product results in
shortened embryo - caudal dysgenesis
disruptions in 5HT can lead to
sinus inversus
dextrocardia
heart defects
so moms on SSRIs ==> congential heart defects
dextrocardia
only heart on right side
situs inversus
complete mirror image of internal organs
head region organized by
prechordal plate
major axial signaling center of the trunk
notochord
abnormal patterning (unusual symmetry of thoracic and abdominal organs) but not complete inversion
heterotaxy/ situs solitus
inhibitors of BMP-4
Noggin
CHordin
WNT3a
FGF
help separate out from each other but group togeter epidermis and neural tissue cells
CAMs
E-cadherin for epidermis
N_cadherin for neural tissue
failure of cranial neuropore to close called
anencephaly
anencephaly due to failure of this wave of closure in normal human embryogenesis
failure of wave 2
SPINA BIFIDA (MYELOMENINGOCELE) failure at junctions
1 and 5
failure at junctions 1 and 4 leads to
encephalocele
cranial defect with herniation of intracranial contents most commonly in occipital region)
types of spina bifida
spina bifida occulta (just hair a tback)
spina bifida with meningocele (herniation, like encephalocele)
spina bifida meningomyelocele (meninges AND the cord herneating out, skin covered)
spina bifida myeloschisis (has CLEFT, not skin covered, worst case scenario
malformations in secondary neurulaiton called
myelodysplasias
conus medullaris and filum terminale are abnormally attached to defective vertebral column leading to
tethered cor dsystem
subsequent loss of sensation from lower limbs and problems with bladder control
wha tcan help neural tube defects in preggo ladies
daily intake of 0.4 mg folic acid
counters somehow increased homocysteine levels which prevents closure of neural tube
assessed by alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)testing
type of hereditary and types of albinism
autosomal recessive
oculocutaneous or cutaneous
vitiligo type of hereditery is
autosomal dominant with variable expression and incomplete penetrance
ectodermal dysplasia s/s
malformed teeth and extremely sparsed hair
at least two types of abnormal ectodermal features
