Neurulation - Cole

Question 1

cell migration and specificatio in gastrulation controled by this TF made by which cells?

Answer 1

FGF8

by primtiive streak cells

Question 2

secereted factors by Anterior visceral endoderm for head formation

Answer 2

cerberus & lefty

Question 3

forms ventral meso from primitive streak

Answer 3

BMP-4

Question 4

TF forming dorsal meso from primitive node

Answer 4

activin

Question 5

goosecoid importnat in formation of body axis, can lead to

Answer 5

two-headed tadpole

conjoined twins

Question 6

absence of brachyury gene product results in

Answer 6

shortened embryo - caudal dysgenesis

Question 7

disruptions in 5HT can lead to

Answer 7

sinus inversus
dextrocardia
heart defects
so moms on SSRIs ==> congential heart defects

Question 8

dextrocardia

Answer 8

only heart on right side

Question 9

situs inversus

Answer 9

complete mirror image of internal organs

Question 10

head region organized by

Answer 10

prechordal plate

Question 11

major axial signaling center of the trunk

Answer 11

notochord

Question 12

abnormal patterning (unusual symmetry of thoracic and abdominal organs) but not complete inversion

Answer 12

heterotaxy/ situs solitus

Question 13

inhibitors of BMP-4

Answer 13

Noggin
CHordin
WNT3a
FGF

Question 14

help separate out from each other but group togeter epidermis and neural tissue cells

Answer 14

CAMs
E-cadherin for epidermis
N_cadherin for neural tissue

Question 15

failure of cranial neuropore to close called

Answer 15

anencephaly

Question 16

anencephaly due to failure of this wave of closure in normal human embryogenesis

Answer 16

failure of wave 2

Question 17

SPINA BIFIDA (MYELOMENINGOCELE) failure at junctions

Answer 17

1 and 5

Question 18

failure at junctions 1 and 4 leads to

Answer 18

encephalocele

cranial defect with herniation of intracranial contents most commonly in occipital region)

Question 19

types of spina bifida

Answer 19

spina bifida occulta (just hair a tback)
spina bifida with meningocele (herniation, like encephalocele)
spina bifida meningomyelocele (meninges AND the cord herneating out, skin covered)
spina bifida myeloschisis (has CLEFT, not skin covered, worst case scenario

Question 20

malformations in secondary neurulaiton called

Answer 20

myelodysplasias

Question 21

conus medullaris and filum terminale are abnormally attached to defective vertebral column leading to

Answer 21

tethered cor dsystem

subsequent loss of sensation from lower limbs and problems with bladder control

Question 22

wha tcan help neural tube defects in preggo ladies

Answer 22

daily intake of 0.4 mg folic acid
counters somehow increased homocysteine levels which prevents closure of neural tube
assessed by alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)testing

Question 23

type of hereditary and types of albinism

Answer 23

autosomal recessive

oculocutaneous or cutaneous

Question 24

vitiligo type of hereditery is

Answer 24

autosomal dominant with variable expression and incomplete penetrance

Question 25

ectodermal dysplasia s/s

Answer 25

malformed teeth and extremely sparsed hair

at least two types of abnormal ectodermal features