Neurotransmitters and Signaling Flashcards
Name all small molecule transmitters (that are on the slides)!
Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin GABA Glycine Glutamate Aspartate
What does GABA stand for?
Gamma aminobutyric acid
Name two transmitters of the group amino acids that are inhibitory!
GABA
Glycine
Name two transmitters of the group amino acids that are excitatory!
Glutamate
Aspartate
Name three transmitters of the group biogenic amines and whether they are inhibitory or excitatory!
Norepinephrine (excitatory or inhibitory)
Dopamine (generally excitatory)
Serotonin (generally inhibitory)
The properties of acetylcholine:
Excitatory to vertebrate skeletal muscles.
Excitatory or inhibitory on other sites.
Which small molecule transmitters do also occur in the PNS?
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Name four neurotransmitter peptides!
VIP
Substance P
Neurotensin
Insulin
Name one co-existing transmitter peptide to Norepinephrine!
Neurotensin
In what part of the neuron are peptides produced?
In the soma, because they are a gene product!
How are small molecule neurotransmitters produced?
They are produced enzymatically very close to the axon terminal.
Where exactly are precursor peptides produced?
In the rough ER.
Where are precursor peptides turned into active peptide neurotransmitters?
The Golgi Apparatus.
What are peptide neurotransmitters stored in?
Secretory Granules
Where are small molecule transmitters stored in?
Synaptic vesicles.
What gathers small molecule transmitters and puts them in synaptic vesicles?
Transporter proteins
Two possible ways of signal distribution and multiplication:
- Diffuse and extensive axonal branching
- Interneuron Cascades
Name an example for diffuse and extensional axonal branching!
Dopaminergic System
Name an example for Interneuron cascades!
Limbic System
Name three inactive amino acid transmitters!
Leucine
Lysine
Threonine
Name three inhibitory amino acid transmitters!
GABA
Glycine
Taurine
Name three excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters!
Glutamate
Aspartate
Cysteinic Acid
What was the first neurotransmitter to be discovered?
Acetylcholine
What are the most used transmitters in the CNS?
Glutamate
GABA
What transmitters are most common in the PNS?
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
What are GABAa receptors?
GABA gated chloride channels
What are GABAb receptors?
Metabotropic receptors that cause strong inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) by acting on potassium channels.
Two types of receptors that exist for both Glutamate and GABA?
Metabotropic Receptors
Ionotropic Rceptors
Name a fast acting type of receptor!
Ionotropic receptor
Name a slow acting type of receptor!
Metabotropic Receptors
7 functions GABAa receptors regulate:
Anxiety Excitability of the Brain Motor Functions Circadian Rhythms Sleep Vigilance Learning and Memory
Name 4 functions GABAb receptors regulate!
Excitability of the Brain
Activity of the Dopaminergic System
Neuronal and Brain Development
Rhythm Generators in the Brain
All norepinephrine receptors are ………. ?
Metabotropic Receptors
