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Neuroscience > Cell Biology II > Flashcards

Cell Biology II Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a Peptide?

A

Peptides are short chains of amino acid monomers and are the building blocks of Polypeptides.

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2
Q

What’s an Amino Acid?

A

Amino Acids are organic compounds made from amine and carboxylic acid functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid.

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3
Q

What is a Codon?

A

a nucleotide triplet

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4
Q

What are Proteins made of?

A

Polypeptides arranged in a biologically functional way.

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5
Q

What is a functional group in Chemistry?

A

Specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

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6
Q

What are the four key-elements of an amino acid?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

(other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids)

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7
Q

What is gene mutation?

A

A change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism.

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8
Q

What is the gene product?

A

A gene product is the biochemical material, either RNA or protein, resulting from expression of a gene.

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9
Q

What is meant by gene expression?

A

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.

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10
Q

What are membrane proteins?

A

Membrane proteins are proteins attached to or associated with a cell membrane or the membrane of a cell organelle

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11
Q

What is an ion?

A

An ion is an atom or a molecule in which the total number of electrons and protons is not equal, giving the atom a net positive or negative charge.

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12
Q

What is a transporter protein?

A

A protein which serves the function of moving other materials within an organism.

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13
Q

What is an ion channel?

A

Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins.

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14
Q

What function do ion channels serve?

A

Ion channels serve the function of establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ions across the cell membrane.

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15
Q

What is cytoskeleton (aka. CSK)?

A

Cytoskeleton is a cellular scaffolding or skeleton contained within the cell’s cytoplasm.

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16
Q

Do all cells have a cytoskeleton?

A

Yes (recent research)

17
Q

What is the name of the Myelin layer around an axon?

A

Myelin Sheath

18
Q

What can motor proteins do?

A

Motor proteins are able to move along certain surfaces using ATP.

19
Q

What ATP-powered motor protein is e.g. involved in muscle contraction?

A

Myosin

20
Q

Do dendrites carry signals towards or away from the soma?

A

towards

21
Q

Name the principal glial cell of the PNS!

A

Schwann cell

22
Q

List four functions of glial cells!

A
  • to surround neurons and hold them in place
  • to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
  • to insulate one neuron from another
  • to destroy infectious agents (pathogens) and remove dead neurons
23
Q

What does the axon hillock connect?

A

The axon and the soma.

24
Q

Define membrane potential!

A

Mambrane potential is the difference in electrical potential between the interior and the exterior of a cell.

25
Q

Chemical sign for sodium ions?

A

Na+

26
Q

Chemical sign for potassium ions?

A

K+

27
Q

Chemical sign for chloride ions?

A

Cl-

28
Q

Name a glial cell of the CNS!

A

Oligodendrocyts

29
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and what is their function?

A

These are two common types of glial cells.

They are responsible for the myelin coating of axons.

30
Q

In the development of neurons, what is it that later becomes an axon?

A

(Usually) the longest of the growth cones.

31
Q

What does epsp stand for?

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential

32
Q

What does ipsp stand for?

A

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

33
Q

Proximately where determines the integrated membrane potential whether action potential occurs or not?

A

at the Axon Hillock

34
Q

Five qualities a chemical compound has to have in order to be a neurotransmitter:

A
  • occur in brain
  • be synthesized in the brain
  • be released from synapses
  • exhibit excitatory or inhibitory properties
  • have a mechanism for removal from cleft
35
Q

What is the genome?

A

In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA.

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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