Neurotransmitters and cerebral cortex Flashcards
Major NT of the PNS
ACh
NT which is increased in the CNS of patients with schizophrenia
Dopamine
Major NT of the parasympathetic nervous system
ACh
NT believed to cause panic attacks when released suddenly by the locus coeruleus
NE
Major NT of the preganglionic sympathetic nervous system
ACh
NT highly concentrated in the substantia nigra that plays a key role in pain transmission
Substance P
Major NT of the postganglionic sympathetic neurons supplying sweat glands and certain blood vessels
ACh
NT which is depleted from the basal nucleus of Meynert in Alzheimer disease
ACh
NT which is depleted from the substantia nigra in patients with Parkinson disease
Dopamine
NT that causes renal vasodilation
Dopamine
Powerful analgesic NT found exclusively in the hypothalamus
β-Endorphin
Opiate peptides which play a role in pain suppression
Enkephalins
NT that regulates release of GH and TSH; markedly ↓ Alzheimer disease
Somatostatin
Major inhibitory NT of the cortex
GABA
Major inhibitory NT of the spinal cord
Glycine
Major excitatory NT of the brain
Glutamate
Gaseous, vasoactive NT involved in memory
Nitrous oxide
NT important in the initiation of sleep
Melatonin
NT which inhibits the reticular activating center, thereby increasing total sleep time
ACh
Two NTs believed to be depleted in depression
- NE
- Serotonin
Which two amino acids can serve as a precursor for the synthesis of catecholamines?
- Phenylalanine
- Tyrosine
What are the six layers of neocortex?
- Layer I: molecular layer
- Layer II: external granular layer
- Layer III: external pyramidal layer
- Layer IV: internal granular layer
- Layer V: internal pyramidal layer
- Layer VI: multiform layer
Site of lesion causing Right-sided flaccid hemiparalysis
Left primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)
Site of lesion causing Left-sided pronator drift
Right primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)
Site of lesion causing Loss of abstract thought and self-restraint
Bilateral loss of frontal lobes anterior to the frontal eye fields
Site of lesion causing Slowed speech without any impairment of language comprehension
Broca speech area (Brodmann areas 44, 45; always in the dominant hemisphere, usually left)
Site of lesion causing Loss of right-sided tactile sensation and proprioception
Left somesthetic area (Brodmann areas 3, 1, 2)
Site of lesion causing Cortical deafness
Bilateral destruction of the auditory areas (Brodmann areas 41, 42); unilateral destruction of the auditory area causes a slight ↓ in hearing.
Site of lesion causing Inability to understand spoken language and verbalize coherent thoughts
Wernicke speech area (Brodmann area 22) in the dominant hemisphere, usually left
Site of lesion causing Ipsilateral anosmia (inability to smell)
Primary olfactory area (Brodmann area 34)
Site of lesion causing Alexia and agraphia (inability to read and write)
Angular gyrus (Brodmann area 39)
Site of lesion causing Loss of ability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory
Bilateral destruction of the hippocampal cortex
Site of lesion causing Psychic blindness, hyperphagia, docility, and hypersexuality (Klüver-Bucy syndrome)
Bilateral destruction of the anterior temporal lobes (amygdala)
Site of lesion causing Loss of ability to recognize faces
Inferomedial right occipitotemporal area
Site of lesion causing Loss of vision in the right visual field with macular sparing
Destruction of the left primary visual area (Brodmann area 17)
Name the term used to describe a deficit in the ability to draw a geometric figure:
Construction apraxia
Name the term used to describe a “magnetic gait,” commonly seen in normal-pressure hydrocephalus:
Gait apraxia
What part of the nervous system is involved in maintaining wakefulness?
Reticular activating system and bilateral cortex
