Neurotransmitters and cerebral cortex

Question 1

Major NT of the PNS

Answer 1

ACh

Question 2

NT which is increased in the CNS of patients with schizophrenia

Answer 2

Dopamine

Question 3

Major NT of the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 3

ACh

Question 4

NT believed to cause panic attacks when released suddenly by the locus coeruleus

Answer 4

NE

Question 5

Major NT of the preganglionic sympathetic nervous system

Answer 5

ACh

Question 6

NT highly concentrated in the substantia nigra that plays a key role in pain transmission

Answer 6

Substance P

Question 7

Major NT of the postganglionic sympathetic neurons supplying sweat glands and certain blood vessels

Answer 7

ACh

Question 8

NT which is depleted from the basal nucleus of Meynert in Alzheimer disease

Answer 8

ACh

Question 9

NT which is depleted from the substantia nigra in patients with Parkinson disease

Answer 9

Dopamine

Question 10

NT that causes renal vasodilation

Answer 10

Dopamine

Question 11

Powerful analgesic NT found exclusively in the hypothalamus

Answer 11

β-Endorphin

Question 12

Opiate peptides which play a role in pain suppression

Answer 12

Enkephalins

Question 13

NT that regulates release of GH and TSH; markedly ↓ Alzheimer disease

Answer 13

Somatostatin

Question 14

Major inhibitory NT of the cortex

Answer 14

GABA

Question 15

Major inhibitory NT of the spinal cord

Answer 15

Glycine

Question 16

Major excitatory NT of the brain

Answer 16

Glutamate

Question 17

Gaseous, vasoactive NT involved in memory

Answer 17

Nitrous oxide

Question 18

NT important in the initiation of sleep

Answer 18

Melatonin

Question 19

NT which inhibits the reticular activating center, thereby increasing total sleep time

Answer 19

ACh

Question 20

Two NTs believed to be depleted in depression

Answer 20

1. NE
2. Serotonin

Question 21

Which two amino acids can serve as a precursor for the synthesis of catecholamines?

Answer 21

1. Phenylalanine
2. Tyrosine

Question 22

What are the six layers of neocortex?

Answer 22

1. Layer I: molecular layer
2. Layer II: external granular layer
3. Layer III: external pyramidal layer
4. Layer IV: internal granular layer
5. Layer V: internal pyramidal layer
6. Layer VI: multiform layer

Question 23

Site of lesion causing Right-sided flaccid hemiparalysis

Answer 23

Left primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)

Question 24

Site of lesion causing Left-sided pronator drift

Answer 24

Right primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)

Question 25

Site of lesion causing Loss of abstract thought and self-restraint

Answer 25

Bilateral loss of frontal lobes anterior to the frontal eye fields

Question 26

Site of lesion causing Slowed speech without any impairment of language comprehension

Answer 26

Broca speech area (Brodmann areas 44, 45; always in the dominant hemisphere, usually left)

Question 27

Site of lesion causing Loss of right-sided tactile sensation and proprioception

Answer 27

Left somesthetic area (Brodmann areas 3, 1, 2)

Question 28

Site of lesion causing Cortical deafness

Answer 28

Bilateral destruction of the auditory areas (Brodmann areas 41, 42); unilateral destruction of the auditory area causes a slight ↓ in hearing.

Question 29

Site of lesion causing Inability to understand spoken language and verbalize coherent thoughts

Answer 29

Wernicke speech area (Brodmann area 22) in the dominant hemisphere, usually left

Question 30

Site of lesion causing Ipsilateral anosmia (inability to smell)

Answer 30

Primary olfactory area (Brodmann area 34)

Question 31

Site of lesion causing Alexia and agraphia (inability to read and write)

Answer 31

Angular gyrus (Brodmann area 39)

Question 32

Site of lesion causing Loss of ability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory

Answer 32

Bilateral destruction of the hippocampal cortex

Question 33

Site of lesion causing Psychic blindness, hyperphagia, docility, and hypersexuality (Klüver-Bucy syndrome)

Answer 33

Bilateral destruction of the anterior temporal lobes (amygdala)

Question 34

Site of lesion causing Loss of ability to recognize faces

Answer 34

Inferomedial right occipitotemporal area

Question 35

Site of lesion causing Loss of vision in the right visual field with macular sparing

Answer 35

Destruction of the left primary visual area (Brodmann area 17)

Question 36

Name the term used to describe a deficit in the ability to draw a geometric figure:

Answer 36

Construction apraxia

Question 37

Name the term used to describe a “magnetic gait,” commonly seen in normal-pressure hydrocephalus:

Answer 37

Gait apraxia

Question 38

What part of the nervous system is involved in maintaining wakefulness?

Answer 38

Reticular activating system and bilateral cortex