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Neuroscience Deja Review USMLE 1 > Neurotransmitters and cerebral cortex > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters and cerebral cortex Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Major NT of the PNS

A

ACh

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2
Q

NT which is increased in the CNS of patients with schizophrenia

A

Dopamine

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3
Q

Major NT of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

ACh

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4
Q

NT believed to cause panic attacks when released suddenly by the locus coeruleus

A

NE

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5
Q

Major NT of the preganglionic sympathetic nervous system

A

ACh

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6
Q

NT highly concentrated in the substantia nigra that plays a key role in pain transmission

A

Substance P

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7
Q

Major NT of the postganglionic sympathetic neurons supplying sweat glands and certain blood vessels

A

ACh

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8
Q

NT which is depleted from the basal nucleus of Meynert in Alzheimer disease

A

ACh

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9
Q

NT which is depleted from the substantia nigra in patients with Parkinson disease

A

Dopamine

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10
Q

NT that causes renal vasodilation

A

Dopamine

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11
Q

Powerful analgesic NT found exclusively in the hypothalamus

A

β-Endorphin

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12
Q

Opiate peptides which play a role in pain suppression

A

Enkephalins

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13
Q

NT that regulates release of GH and TSH; markedly ↓ Alzheimer disease

A

Somatostatin

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14
Q

Major inhibitory NT of the cortex

A

GABA

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15
Q

Major inhibitory NT of the spinal cord

A

Glycine

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16
Q

Major excitatory NT of the brain

A

Glutamate

17
Q

Gaseous, vasoactive NT involved in memory

A

Nitrous oxide

18
Q

NT important in the initiation of sleep

A

Melatonin

19
Q

NT which inhibits the reticular activating center, thereby increasing total sleep time

A

ACh

20
Q

Two NTs believed to be depleted in depression

A
  1. NE
  2. Serotonin
21
Q

Which two amino acids can serve as a precursor for the synthesis of catecholamines?

A
  1. Phenylalanine
  2. Tyrosine
22
Q

What are the six layers of neocortex?

A
  1. Layer I: molecular layer
  2. Layer II: external granular layer
  3. Layer III: external pyramidal layer
  4. Layer IV: internal granular layer
  5. Layer V: internal pyramidal layer
  6. Layer VI: multiform layer
23
Q

Site of lesion causing Right-sided flaccid hemiparalysis

A

Left primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)

24
Q

Site of lesion causing Left-sided pronator drift

A

Right primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)

25
Q

Site of lesion causing Loss of abstract thought and self-restraint

A

Bilateral loss of frontal lobes anterior to the frontal eye fields

26
Q

Site of lesion causing Slowed speech without any impairment of language comprehension

A

Broca speech area (Brodmann areas 44, 45; always in the dominant hemisphere, usually left)

27
Q

Site of lesion causing Loss of right-sided tactile sensation and proprioception

A

Left somesthetic area (Brodmann areas 3, 1, 2)

28
Q

Site of lesion causing Cortical deafness

A

Bilateral destruction of the auditory areas (Brodmann areas 41, 42); unilateral destruction of the auditory area causes a slight ↓ in hearing.

29
Q

Site of lesion causing Inability to understand spoken language and verbalize coherent thoughts

A

Wernicke speech area (Brodmann area 22) in the dominant hemisphere, usually left

30
Q

Site of lesion causing Ipsilateral anosmia (inability to smell)

A

Primary olfactory area (Brodmann area 34)

31
Q

Site of lesion causing Alexia and agraphia (inability to read and write)

A

Angular gyrus (Brodmann area 39)

32
Q

Site of lesion causing Loss of ability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory

A

Bilateral destruction of the hippocampal cortex

33
Q

Site of lesion causing Psychic blindness, hyperphagia, docility, and hypersexuality (Klüver-Bucy syndrome)

A

Bilateral destruction of the anterior temporal lobes (amygdala)

34
Q

Site of lesion causing Loss of ability to recognize faces

A

Inferomedial right occipitotemporal area

35
Q

Site of lesion causing Loss of vision in the right visual field with macular sparing

A

Destruction of the left primary visual area (Brodmann area 17)

36
Q

Name the term used to describe a deficit in the ability to draw a geometric figure:

A

Construction apraxia

37
Q

Name the term used to describe a “magnetic gait,” commonly seen in normal-pressure hydrocephalus:

A

Gait apraxia

38
Q

What part of the nervous system is involved in maintaining wakefulness?

A

Reticular activating system and bilateral cortex

Neuroscience Deja Review USMLE 1 (12 decks)

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