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Neuroscience Deja Review USMLE 1 > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Associated cranial foramen for CN I

A

Cribiform plate

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2
Q

Associated cranial foramen for CN II

A

Optic canal

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3
Q

Associated cranial foramen for CN III, IV, V1, VI

A

Superior orbital fissure. Note: all of these nerves pass through the cavernous sinus as well.

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4
Q

Associated cranial foramen for CN V2

A

Foramen Rotundum

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5
Q

Associated cranial foramen for CN V3

A

Foramen Ovale (for divisions of the trigeminal nerve think “S tanding R oom O nly”)

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6
Q

Associated cranial foramen for CN VII, VIII

A

Internal acoustic meatus

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7
Q

Associated cranial foramen for CN IX, X, XI

A

Jugular foramen

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8
Q

Associated cranial foramen for CN XII

A

Hypoglossal canal

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9
Q

Function of CN I: olfactory

A

Smell

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10
Q

Function of CN II: optic

A

Vision

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11
Q

Function of CN III: oculomotor

A
  1. Eye movement
  2. “Parasympathetic” ciliary and pupillary sphincter mm
    Note: mm is used as the abbreviation for “muscles”.
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12
Q

Function of CN IV: trochlear

A

Contraction of superior oblique muscle

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13
Q

Function of CN V1: trigeminal—ophthalmic branch

A

Sensation from nose to forehead

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14
Q

Function of CN V2: trigeminal—maxillary branch

A

Sensation from lateral nose, upper lip, superior buccal area

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15
Q

Function of CN V3: trigeminal—mandibular branch

A
  1. Sensation from areas of the lower face not covered by V1 and V2
  2. Movement of the Muscles of Mastication (Masseter, teMporalis, Medial, and lateral pterygoids), tensor veli palatini, and tensor tympani
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16
Q

Function of CN VI: abducens

A

Contraction of lateral rectus muscle

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17
Q

Function of CN VII: facial

A
  1. Parasympathetic—lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands
  2. Mm of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle
  3. Taste—anterior two-thirds of tongue
  4. Sensation—skin of external ear
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18
Q

Function of CN VIII: vestibulocochlear

A

Hearing and sense of balance

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19
Q

Function of CN IX: glossopharyngeal

A
  1. Parasympathetic—parotid gland
  2. Motor—stylopharyngeus mm
  3. Taste—posterior one-third tongue
  4. Sensation—parotid gland, carotid body and sinus, pharynx, and middle ear
  5. Cutaneous sensation—external ear canal
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20
Q

Function of CN X: vagus

A
  1. Parasympathetic—trachea, bronchi, heart, GI tract
  2. Contraction of laryngeal, pharyngeal, and esophageal striated mm
  3. Taste—epiglottis and palate
  4. Sensation—trachea, GI tract
  5. Cutaneous sensation—external ear
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21
Q

Function of CN XI: accessory

A

Movement of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

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22
Q

Function of CN XII: hypoglossal

A

Contraction of muscles of tongue

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23
Q

Which three cranial nerves are purely sensory nerves?

A
  1. CN I
  2. CN II
  3. CN VIII
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24
Q

Which five cranial nerves are purely motor nerves?

A
  1. CNIII
  2. CNIV
  3. CNVI
  4. CNXI
  5. CNXII
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25
Q

Which four cranial nerves have both motor and sensory components?

A
  1. CNV
  2. CNVII
  3. CNIX
  4. CNX
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26
Q

Which two cranial nerves are rostral to the midbrain?

A
  1. CNI
  2. CNII
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27
Q

Which two cranial nerve nuclei are located in the midbrain?

A
  1. CNIII
  2. CNIV
28
Q

Which four cranial nerves have at least a portion of their nuclei in the pons?

A
  1. CNV
  2. CNVI
  3. CNVII
  4. CNVIII
29
Q

Which seven cranial nerves have at least a portion of their nuclei in the medulla?

A
  1. CN V
  2. CN VI
  3. CN VII
  4. CNVIII
  5. CN IX
  6. CNX
  7. CNXII
30
Q

Name the only cranial nerve that crosses the midline and exits the brainstem posterior to the ventricular system:

A

CN IV—exits the brainstem posteriorly and crosses the midline after exiting the caudal midbrain

31
Q

What nucleus serves as the origin of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers projecting to the ciliary ganglion?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus of CN III

32
Q

What visceral sensory nucleus, located in the medulla, is a relay center for taste, sensory input from the carotid sinus, carotid body, and the vagus nerve?

A

Nucleus Solitarius

33
Q

What visceral motor nucleus, located in the medulla, is involved in coordinating swallowing and speech?

A

Nucleus aMbiguus

34
Q

Which are the afferent and efferent limbs of the corneal reflex?

A

CN V1 and CN VII

35
Q

Which are the afferent and efferent limbs of the pupillary light reflex?

A

CN II and CN III

36
Q

Which are the afferent and efferent limbs of the gag reflex?

A

CN IX and CN X

37
Q

What lesion causes Ipsilateral blindness

A

Transection of the optic nerve

38
Q

What lesion causes Binasal hemianopia

A

Bilateral lateral compression of optic chiasm

39
Q

What lesion causes Bitemporal hemianopia

A

Midsagittal transection or midline pressure on the optic chiasm (often caused by a pituitary tumor)

40
Q

What lesion causes Right hemianopia without macular sparing

A

Transection of the left optic radiation

41
Q

What lesion causes Right upper quadrantanopia

A

Transection of the lower division of the left optic radiation

42
Q

What lesion causes Right lower quadrantanopia

A

Transection of the upper division of the left optic radiation

43
Q

What lesion causes Right hemianopia with macular sparing

A

Destruction of the left visual cortex

44
Q

What are five key structures of the pupillary light reflex pathway?

A
  1. Ganglion cells of the retina
  2. Pretectal nucleus of the midbrain
  3. Edinger-Westphal nucleus
  4. Ciliary ganglion
  5. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of CN III
45
Q

What are four key structures of the pupillary dilation pathway?

A
  1. Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
  2. Ciliospinal center of Budge at the level of T1 to T2
  3. Superior cervical ganglion
  4. Postganglionic sympathetic fibers traveling along the internal carotid artery and its branches to the eye
46
Q

What part of the cortex is responsible for voluntary eye movements?

A

Frontal eye field (Brodmann area 8)

47
Q

What side will a patient’s eyes deviate toward if there is a lesion of the right frontal eye field?

A

Right side (“Look toward the lesion of frontal eye fields”)

48
Q

What structure connects the nucleus of CN VI and the nucleus of CN III?

A

Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

49
Q

What type of lesion will result in medial rectus palsy (inability to adduct the eye) on attempted lateral gaze but normal adduction on accommodation?

A

Intranuclear ophthalmoplegia (a lesion of the MLF)

50
Q

What classic idiopathic lesion is characterized by ptosis, miosis, and anhydrosis?

A

Horner syndrome

51
Q

Name the condition characterized by a pupil that will accommodate but cannot react to light:

A

Argyll-Robertson pupil (associated with tertiary syphilis, lupus, and diabetes mellitus)

52
Q

Name the condition caused by a lesion in the afferent fibers of the light reflex pathway:

A

Marcus Gunn pupil

53
Q

What are the primary sensory receptors of the auditory pathway?

A

Inner hair cells of the organ of Corti

54
Q

Where does the auditory pathway terminate?

A

Bilateral input from both auditory tracts terminates in primary auditory cortex in superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann areas 41 and 42)

55
Q

What type of cells are responsible for relaying auditory stimuli from the organ of Corti to the cochlear nuclei?

A

Bipolar cells of the spiral or cochlearganglion

56
Q

What thalamic nucleus plays a key role in relay of impulses from the cochlear nuclei to higher cortical centers?

A

Medial geniculate body of the thalamus

57
Q

What pontine nucleus plays a key role in sound localization?

A

Superior olivary nucleus

58
Q

What are key structures of the hearing pathway?

A

Cochlear → cochlear nucleus → decussating fibers in Trapezoid body → superior olivary nucleus → lateral lemniscus → inferior colliculi → medial geniculate nucleus → primary auditory cortex

59
Q

Conduction deafness is caused by a lesion of which components of the auditory system?

A

External auditory canal, tympanic membrane, or the middle ear

60
Q

Sensorineural deafness is caused by a lesion of which components of the auditory system?

A

Cochlea, cochlear nerve, or the cochlear nuclei

61
Q

Patients with presbycusis have trouble hearing what types of sounds?

A

High-frequency sounds

62
Q

Which cells of the vestibular system respond to angular acceleration and deceleration?

A

The hair cells of the three semicircular canals

63
Q

What structures of the vestibular system respond to linear acceleration and deceleration?

A

The hair cells of the utricle

64
Q

What type of cells are responsible for relaying vestibular stimuli from the hair cells to the vestibular nuclei?

A

Bipolar cells of the vestibular ganglion

65
Q

What structures provide input to the vestibular nuclei?

A

Hair cells of the semicircular canal, hair cells of the utricle, and the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum

66
Q

What structures receive signals from the vestibular nuclei?

A

The thalamus, spinal cord, cerebellum, and CNs III, IV, and VI

Neuroscience Deja Review USMLE 1 (12 decks)

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